THE CRANE-FLIES oF NEw YorK— Part I 867 
its fork and breaking away from Mz; at the distal end of the cell; this 
long fusion with Ms; is the rule in the subfamily Limnobiinae, but is very 
unusual in the Tipulinae, the South African genus Leptotipula being 
almost the only instance known. In some groups the deflection lies 
far before the fork of the media, as in the transient fusions of Nephrotoma 
(Plate XLIV, 198 and 202) and Dolichopeza (Plate XLIII, 187) or the 
longer fusions of many Gonomyia (Plate XXXVI, 89 and 90) and other 
genera. In the highly specialized condition obtaining in Orimarga and even 
more accentuated in the tropica]-American genus Diotrepha, the deflection 
of Cu is retreated far toward the wing base, so that in the latter genus 
the fusion of Cu; with M is about half the length of the entire wing. On 
the other hand, Cu, may unite with M; far out toward the tip of the wing, 
(as in Trichocera, Plate XLI, 165 and 166), so that Cu, extends beyond 
M and is connected with it by the m-cu cross-vein, which here runs 
longitudinally and simulates a section of one of the longitudinal veins. 
In the great majority of crane-flies, the fork of the cubitus is so deep 
that the branch Cu is longer than the deflected part of Cu; in some 
species of Limnophila (Plate XXXVIII, 113), however, and also and 
especially in the tribe Hexatomini (Plate XX XVII, 104 and 105), the 
condition is usually reversed and it is Cue that is the shorter element of 
the fork. Cv, is usually free at the wing margin, but in most Old World 
species of Trentepohlia and in one species of Dicranomyia it is fused with 
the first anal vein for a varying distance back from the tip. 
The anal veins (1st A, 2d A, fig. 128) comprise in the generalized 
wing three simple veins, as apparently shown in the fossil genus Cladoneura; 
a single anal vein is found in the Ptychopteridae and in most of the 
Tanyderidae, and there are two in all the Tipulidae and in the fossil 
tanyderid genus Etoptychoptera Handlirsch. The anal veins are simple 
in all native forms; the second one is forked in the South African genus 
Podoneura, in some species of Styringomyia, and in abnormal specimens 
of Helobia. As indicated by Needham (1908), if the second anal vein 
found in Helobia (Plate XX XVII, 98) and that in Trichocera (Plate XLI, 
165) were united, the condition would be remarkably like what is found in 
Podoneura, and the condition in these genera may have been brought 
about by the loss of the anterior branch of the fork in Trichocera and 
the posterior branch in Helobia. In the Tipulini and some other tribes 
there is a strong vein lying close beneath Cu and often quite removed 
