THe CrRANE-FiIES oF NEw YorkK — Part I 871 
and others), the hypopygium is enlarged and complicated in structure, 
the enlargement often involving the terminal two or three segments. 
The modifications of the eighth and ninth segments are almost incon- 
ceivable in their variety, and only the more important types can be 
mentioned here. 
The Tipulinae: In the tipuline forms the pleura are intimately 
attached to the sternites, and their appendages lie parallel to each other, 
9th terq! te 
Sthtrergile 
Wh Tergite 
WA SWerrile 
8th sternite 
8th & erriite 
= 
D 
c 
Fig. 129. MALE HYPOPYGIUM, TIPULINAE 
A, Tipula monticola, lateral aspect. B, T. parshleyi, lateral aspect. C, T. monticola, ninth 
tergite, dorsal aspect. D, 7. sulphurea, ninth tergite, dorsal aspect 
work longitudinally, and act as claspers by jutting into the notch of 
the ninth tergite. 
The ninth tergite (fig. 129, c and p) is the terminal dorsal plate of the 
abdomen. It is of various shapes, but usually rectangular, and may be 
very large or correspondingly reduced. The caudal margin is variously 
modified (Plates XLIX—LII), being in some cases nearly straight across 
and in others notched by V- or U-shaped incisions, with the lateral lobes 
often produced into long-extending arms, and the appendages of the ninth 
pleurite jutting into the notch in a position of rest. In some cases the 
