THe CRANE-FiLIES oF NEw York — Part I 873 
bicornis group (Tipula parshleyt, T. morrisont, T. bicornis, T. megaura, 
T. johnsoniana); moderate in size and more or less cylindrical, as in the 
valida group (T. valida, T. hirsuta) and the uwmbrosa group (T. umbrosa, 
T. monticola, T. triton, T. mingwe, T. tuscarora); or broad, rectangular, 
and very flattened, as in the oleracea group (T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti, 
T. sulphurea) and the tephrocephala group (T. tephrocephala, T. cayuga). 
The inner pleural appendage varies in shape, but usually it has a heavily 
chitinized, split apex jutting cephalad into the notch of the ninth tergite. 
The penis guard and the gonapophyses vary in size and shape. In 
some species, as T7pula tuscarora, they are small and shaped like a trident; 
in other species (T’. triton, T. johnsoniana) the gonapophyses are very large 
and prominent, and subtend the penis guard. The central vesicles from 
which the penis arises are often very large. In many species the penis is 
very long and slender, and when exserted is equal to half the length of 
the entire abdomen. 
In many species the eighth sternite is not at all produced and is unarmed 
(Tipula angustipennis, T. senega, T. serta, T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti, 
T. sulphurea); in other species it is provided with prominent chitinized 
spines on either side, which are decussate (7. tuscarora, Plate LIII, 328), 
or with large to small tufts of silvery hairs on either side of the median 
line, these often surrounding one or two small bristles (7. monticola, 
T. triton, T. mingwe, T. submaculata), or with fleshy lobes (T. australis, 
Plate LIII, 326, T. umbrosa, T. valida). In the generalized members 
of the South American monilifera group (T. exilis, T. andalgala, and 
others) the sternite bears a prominent tripartite appendage. 
In several species the ninth tergite is fused with the ninth sterno-pleurite 
so that the entire ninth segment forms a continuous ring, as in T%pula 
ultima (Plate LILI, 333), T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti, T. sulphurea. 
The Limnobiinae: In the limnobiine forms the pleurites are prominent 
and have their appendages elevated above the level of the ninth sternite 
and the ninth tergite; these appendages are very often decussate or contig- 
uous, work transversely across the genital chamber, and act as claspers 
by direct, pincer-like contact. In the genus Geranomyia (fig. 130, A) and 
others, the ventral pleural appendages are generally soft and fleshy, and 
the dorsal pleural appendages are sharp, more or less curved, chitinized 
hooks. In Gonomyia (fig. 130, B) the appendages are very complex in the 
