THE CRANE-FLIES oF NEw YorkK—Part [| 877 
region. Conosia irrorata is another wide-ranging species, being found in 
almost all of eastern Africa, in southern Asia as far north as Japan, and 
thence eastward to Australia. Nephrotoma ferruginea, one of the com- 
monest of the local forms, ranges over the whole North American con- 
tinent. The majority of species, however, have a very much more 
restricted range, the crane-fly fauna of eastern America being largely 
confined to that region, while the crane-flies found west of the Rocky 
Mountains are almost all distinct from those of eastern America. Natural 
barriers, such as large bodies of water, deserts, and mountains, serve to 
limit and restrict the range of the species. 
The presence of moisture is almost a necessity in crane-fly develop- 
ment, and consequently the species as adults occur in the vicinity of 
water, either running, standing, stagnant, permanent, or temporary. 
No species confined to sandy or arid conditions are known to the writer, 
the nearest approach being in Helobia, Trimicra, and Kmpedomorpha. 
A few typical situations are here outlined and the more constant inhabi- 
tants of these haunts listed: 
1. Species inhabiting swampy (helophytic) situations: either grass swamps with little 
woody elements entering in — Dicranomyia longipennis, Erioptera graphica, H. parva, 
Stygeropis fuscipennis, Tipula sayi, T. tricolor; or bush swamps with a certain shrubby 
element such as Alnus, Spiraea, and the like — Bittacomorpha clavipes, Ptychoptera rufo- 
cincta, Adelphomyia cayuga, Limnophila fasciolata, Rhamphidia mainensis, Tipula dejecta, 
T. sulphurea, Tricyphona inconstans, T. paludicola. 
2. Species inhabiting wet meadows or grasslands, and found along the (usually) grassy 
banks of streams not necessarily in deep shade — Protoplasa fitchii, Geranomyia canadensis, 
G. rostrata, Antocha saxicola, Toxorhina muliebris, Rhamphidia flavipes, Atarba picticornis, 
Erioptera chlorophylla, EH. straminea, E. vespertina, EH. caloptera, EH. armata, E. venusta, 
Gnophomyia tristissima, Gonomyia sacandaga, G. aleranderi, G. sulphurella, G. cognatella, 
G. subcinerea, G. noveboracensis, G. mathesoni, Rhabdomastix flava, Cryptolabis paradoxa, 
Epiphragma fascipennis, Limnophila macrocera, L. unica, L. tenuipes, L. recondita, L. imbecilla, 
L. luteipennis, L. inornata, L. quadrata, L. lenta, L. noveboracensis, Hexatoma megacera, Eriocera 
fultonensis, EH. longicornis, Nephrotoma ferruginea, N. incurva, N. pedunculata, N. tenuis, 
N. xanthostigma, N. eucera, Tipula angustipennis, T. bella, T. caloptera, T. strepens, T. 
eluta, T. fraterna, T. cunctans, T. bicornis, T. parshleyt, T. tephrocephala, T. wmbrosa. 
3. Species living under bog conditions (oxylophytic), in proximity to Sphagnum — 
Limnophila laricicola, Phalacrocera tipulina. 
4. Species inhabiting rocl:y (lithophytic) situations, usually clinging to the vertical faces 
of cliffs, hiding in crevices of the rocks, or resting on vegetation growing in such haunts — 
Bittacomorphella jonesi, Geranomyia canadensis, G. diversa, Dicranomyia badia, D. stulta, 
D. simulans, Limnophila moniana, Tricyphona auripennis, Oropeza, Dolichopeza americana, 
Tipula macrolabis, T. sencga; the species of Oropeza and Dolichopeza also lurk beneath 
dark bridges and under culverts. 
5. Species inhabiting open gorges, found on the usually ‘1xuriant vegetation of the talus 
slopes and along the floor of the ravines — Dicranomyia moi ioides, D. monticola, Geranomyia 
diversa, Limnophila cubitalis, Adelphomyia minuta, Ula elegans, Tipula collaris, T'. senega, 
T. taughannock, T. fuliginosa, T. valida, 
