878 CHARLES Paut ALEXANDER 
6. Species inhabiting shaded, cold Canadian woodlands (mesophytic), usually found on 
rank vegetation in the shade of hemlock, beech, yellow birch, sugar and red maples, and the 
like; they occur in close proximity to water, on herbage such as ferns, horsetails, Taxus, 
Streptopus, Clintonia, Smilacina, Medeola, Laportea, Coptis, Dalibarda, Impatiens, and 
Viola, from which they may be swept with a net — Dicranomyia immodesta, D. gladiator, 
D. halterata, D. pubipennis, D. globithorax, D. macateet, Rhipidia maculata, Limnobia soli- 
taria, L. indigena, L. parietina, L. triocellata, L. tristigma, Elephantomyia westwoodi, Toxorhina 
muliebris, Dicranoptycha germana, Atarba picticornis, Ormosia apicalis, O. monticola, Erioptera 
armillaris, E. megophthalma, E. stigmatica, E. nyctops, Molophilus pubipennis, M. fultonensis, 
M. hirtipennis, M. comatus, M. ursinus, Gonomyia florens, G. blanda, Cladura delicatula, 
C. flavoferruginea, Limnophila albipes, L. niveitarsis, L. tenwicornis, L. toroneura, L. areolata, 
L. adusta, L. nigripleura, L. subcostata, L. alleni, L. brevifurca, L. aprilina, L. johnsoni, L. 
fuscovaria, L. rufibasis, L. munda, L. sylvia, L. stanwoodae, L. osborni, L. noveboracensis, L. 
emmelina, L. edwardi, Adelphomyia americana, A. minuta, A. cayuga, Ulomorpha pilosella, 
Pedicia albivitta, P. contermina, Tricyphona vernalis, T. katahdin, T. calcar, Rhaphidolabis 
rubescens, R. tenuipes, R. flaveola, R. modesta, Cylindrotoma americana, C. tarsalis, Liogma 
nodicornis, Longurio testaceus, Tipula cropezoides, T. algonquin, T. senega, T. hermannia, 
T. fragilis, T. macrolatis, T. mingwe, T. monticola, T. hirsuta, Trichocera bisinuata, Bittaco- 
morphella jonest. 
7. Species inhabiting shaded Transitional woodlands (mesophytic), often quite open, 
in shade of hornbeam, basswood, hickory, butternut, ash, and other trees, usually near 
running water, occurring on a variety of rank herbage and low vegetation such as Thalictrum, 
Podophyllum, Menispermum, Nepeta — Dicranomyia immodesta, D. pudica, D. rostrifera, 
D. brevivena, D. liberta, D. haeretica, D. morioides, Rhipidia fidelis, Limnobia fallax, L. indi- 
gena, L. cinctipes, L. immatura, L. triocellata, Discobola argus, Rhamphidia flavipes, Dicran- 
optycha sobrina, D. winnemana, Atarba picticornis, Teucholabis complexza, Ormosia nubila, 
O. innocens, O. nigripila, O. rubella, O. meigenti, Erioptera septemtrionis, E. chrysocoma, 
E. chlorophylla, E. armata, Molophilus hirtipennis, M. pubipennis, Gonomyia alexanderi, G. 
sulphurella, G. cognatella, Cladura flavoferruginea, Limnophila macrocera, L. tenuipes, L. adusta, 
L. subcostata, L. ultima, L. fuscovaria, L. cubitalis, L. quadrata, L. lenta, Epiphragma fasci- 
pennis, Adelphomyia americana, Dicranota noveboracensis, D. rivularis, Rhaphidolabis cayuga, 
R. tenuipes, Nephrotoma ferruginea, N.incurva, N. lugens, N. macrocera, N. tenuis, Tipula 
unimaculata, T. angustipennis, T. senega, T. apicalis, T. strepens, T. hermannia, T. collaris, 
T. nobilis, T. grata, T. hebes, T. longiventris, T. morrisoni, T. taughannock, T. fuliginosa, 
T. submaculata, T. tephrocephala, T. ultima. 
8. Species found in the immediate vicinity of streams and rivers, on the rocks or on trees 
and bushes near by — Dicranomyia immodesta, D. badia, D. stulta, D. morioides, D. simulans, 
Geranomyia diversa, G. canadensis, Antocha saxicola, Cryptolabis paradoxa, Hexatoma megacera, 
Eriocera brachycera, E. spinosa, E. longicornis, E. cinerea, E. fultonensis, HE. tristis, Dicranota 
noveboracensis, D. rivularis, Tipula bella, T. caloptera, T. eluta, T. strepens. 
9. Species found in southern gum swamps, where the forest cover is largely bald cypress 
(Taxodium), sweet gum (Liquidambar), sour gums (Nyssa aquatica and N. sylvatica), and 
the like, and the herbage consists largely of lizard’s-tail (Saururus) — Gonomyia puer, 
G. manca, Limnophila recondita, L. luteipennis, L. irrorata, Penthoptera albitarsis, Eriocera 
wilsonti, Brachypremna dispellens, Trpula tricolor, T. perlongipes, Nephrotoma okefenoke, 
N. virescens. 
ACTIVITIES 
Feeding habits 
The species with elongate rostra (Geranomyia, Toxorhina, Elephanto- 
myia, and others) feed on the nectar of tubular flowers, the Compositae 
being chosen by most of the species, at least in eastern America. Knab’s 
