938 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
Genus Tipula Linnaeus 
1758 Tipula Linn. Syst. Natur., vol. 10, p. 585. 
1864 Anomaloptera Lioy. Atti dell’ Institut Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 218. 
1887 Oreomyza Pokorny. Wien. Ent. Ztg., vol. 6, p. 50. 
Tipula is the largest genus of crane-flies. It includes some six hundred 
and fifty described species, found in most parts of the world and very 
abundant on most of the continental areas but rare or lacking on many 
of the smaller oceanic islands. Obviously such a group of very closely 
related species presents considerable difficulty in classification. The keys 
to the species of any region are so cumbersome as to be almost unworkable, 
and yet it is very difficult to lessen this problem. In the present paper 
the geographical area has been considerably restricted and the number of 
included species is thus reduced. It is further reduced by the omission 
of species that have not been definitely recognized since their original 
characterization, thus eliminating species described by Walker, Macquart, 
and others; the inclusion of these species in keys is altogether guesswork, 
and it is far better to omit them until their types can be examined and 
the determination made final. The species described by Say, Doane, and 
Loew are fairly well known and very few of these are in doubt. 
In order to supplement the keys, practically all the species are figured. 
In those forms having a characteristic wing pattern, it is the wing that 
is shown; while in those that evince notable characters of the male 
hypopygium, various parts of this organ are figured. In this genus, as 
in many others, it is almost impossible to separate the females unless they 
have been taken in copulation with the males. 
The life histories of species in ths genus are diverse, ranging from 
strictly aquatic forms to those occurring in wet mud, in moist soil, and 
in decaying wood. 
An attempt is herein made to divide the local species into groups, 
the followmg characters being considered in making this division: 
Color characters, as in the collaris group, in which the body coloration is strikingly like that 
in Nephrotoma, and the dimorphic groups (7. fuliginosa, T. annulicornis), with light-colored 
males and brown or black females. 
Antennae, whether longer in the male than in the female, or short in both sexes. 
Wings: pubescence in the apical cells, as in the subgenera Trichotipula, Cinctotipula, 
and Odontotipula; the features of wing venation, such as the atrophy of the tip of vein Re; 
the retention of the m-cw cross-vein and its position in regard to the fork of M; the shape of 
the cell {st M2; the wing pattern, which divides the species into three groups, as follows; 
striatae, wings streaked longitudinally; 
marmoratae, wings cross-banded or spotted in various ways; 
subunicolores, wings hyaline or unicolorous. 
