THE CRANE-Fues oF New YorK— Part I 939 
Male hypopygium, whether the sclerites of the ninth segment are separate, or the tergite 
is fused with the sternite, or all the sclerites are fused into a continuous ring. The primitive 
character is to have a separate tergite, pleurite, and sternite, and specialization in the organ 
is shown by the fusion of these parts. The pleurite is first lost, by fusing with the sternite, 
but a part of the pleural suture is retained in all except the most specialized forms. The 
culmination of the organ in this genus is the fusion of the tergite with the already fused 
sterno-pleurite so as to form a continuous ring. The eighth sternite shows many curious 
modifications, which have already been discussed (p. 873). 
Female hypopygium, which is much more homogeneous than the male hypopygium but 
which still shows many peculiar modifications and tendencies. There may be a sudden 
narrowing of the organ, as in 7’. besselsi, or the valves may be shortened and fleshy, and 
feebly chitinized, as in the collaris and bicornis groups. The most striking modification 
apparently is that seen in the arctica group, in which the ovipositor has two valves lying 
transversely and with the outer margins variously serrated. 
Four subgenera, are included in the genus, classified as follows: 
A. Subgenus Trichotipula Alex.— Apical cells of the wings with abundant short hairs; 
coloration dull, as in Oropeza, but vein R:2 persistent for its entire length. 
Tipula (Trichotipula) oropezoides Johns. 
B. Subgenus Cinctotipula Alex.— Apical cells of the wings with a sparse, short pubescence; 
coloration dark brown, the mesonotum with pale stripes; ninth tergite with the caudal margin 
concave; antennae of the male elongated. 
Tipula (Cinctotipula) algonquin Alex. 
Tipula (Cinctotipula) unimaculata (Loew) 
Tipula (Cinctotipula) dorsolineata Doane 
C. Subgenus Odontotipula Alex.— Apical cells of the wings with a very sparse, short 
pubescence, most evident in cell R;; coloration bright shiny yellow and red, as in species of 
Nephrotoma; antennae of the male short. 
Tipula (Odontotipula) unifasciata (Loew) 
D. Subgenus Tipula Linn.— No pubescence in the apical cells of the wings. This sub- 
genus is divided into twenty-two groups, as follows: 
1. The collaris group.— Coloration shiny black and yellow, as in species of Nephrotoma; 
wings with the m-cu cross-vein beneath the middle of cell /st M2; female ovipositor with 
the valves short and fleshy. é ’ 
Tipula collaris Say 
T. nobilis (Loew) 
2. The pachyrhinoides group.— Similar to the preceding in coloration; wings with the 
m-cu cross-vein nearer to the fork of M than to the medial cross-vein; female ovipositor 
with the valves elongate and chitinized. 
T. pachyrhinoides Alex. 
3. The bicornis group.— Nasus very short to indistinct; coloration dull yellow to brownish 
yellow, with the thoracic stripes usually distinct; venation with cell /st M2 very small and 
pentagonal; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite usually tumid; female ovipositor with 
the valves short, blunt, subfleshy. 
T. bicornis Forbes 
T. megaura Doane 
T. morrisoni Alex. 
T. parshleyz Alex. 
T. johnsoniana Alex. 
4. The valida group.— A heterogeneous collection of subgroups, as follows: 
a. The valida subgroup.— Very large species; the eighth sternite with prominent lateral 
lobes and a depressed median lobe. 
T. valida Loew 
T. hirsuta Doane 
