THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK 
PART II. BIOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY! 
CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
A preliminary classification of the immature stages of the Tipulidae and 
related families, suggested to the writer by Dr. J. G. Needham in 1911, 
is presented in this memoir. But few of the sixty-odd families of Diptera, 
and comparatively few species of the Tipulidae, have as yet been studied 
from this viewpoint, and therefore the arrangement herein adopted must 
be considered as tentative. The majority of the specimens used in the 
study were reared in New York State, the crane-fly fauna of which is 
typical of a great area thruout northeastern North America. In 1913, 
thru the kindness of Dr. Charles D. Woods and Dr. Edith M. Patch, 
the writer was enabled to continue his investigations in Maine. 
It is the writer’s purpose to outline the morphological characters avail- 
able for the classification of the larvae and the pupae, and to give 
preliminary keys for the separation of the various groups; such keys will, 
of necessity, require constant revision or complete remodeling with the 
accession of new life-history material, but it is at least hoped that they 
may furnish a basis for future investigation. The most important work on 
the European fauna, that of Theodor Beling (1873 to 1887),? is rendered 
incomplete by the total lack of illustration, the insufficiency of description 
of the details of the larval head, and the artificial nature of the keys. 
That this difficulty in using Beling’s figureless descriptions is not confined 
to the writer is shown by the following criticism by one of his fellow- 
countrymen (Czizek, 1911:7): 
“Leider fehlen uns bis jetzt fast vollstindig gute Abbildungen der Larven und Puppen, 
ein fiihlbarer Mangel auch in Beling’s Abhandlungen, da die genaueste Beschreibung das 
Bild nie ganz zu ersetzen vermag.” 
It is intended to include in this paper the following material: 
1. Descriptions of all new life-history material available, with notes 
on the biology and occurrence of the species. 
Sx part I of The Crane-Flies of New York, dealing with distribution and taxonomy of the adult flies, was 
published in 1919 as Memoir 25 of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. 
2 Dates in parenthesis refer to Bibliography and References Cited, page 1019. 
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