Tue CrANE-FursS oF New York — Part II Tau 
motion, partly flying and partly walking, over the ground or up the trunks 
of trees. This habit is discussed under the account of Tipula taughannock 
(p. 1013), and has been observed in other woodland-inhabiting species of 
this genus—as T. macrolabis, T. fuliginosa, T. fragilis, and others. In 
T. fragilis, when a male comes upon a pair already in copula he passes 
on without interrupting them. Somewhat similar mating habits are found 
in some species of Dicranomyia (D. trinotata, D. badia, and D. simulans), 
Discobola, Antocha, Chionea, Dactylolabis montana, some Pediciini as 
Dicranota, and the Cylindrotominae. 
Many crane-flies have developed swarming habits for the purpose of 
mating, these including representatives of most of the tribes of the 
Limnobiinae and a few tipuline forms. Dicranomyia morioides was 
observed by Needham (1908a:204) swarming in vast numbers near 
Ithaca, New York, but here the swarms consisted only of males. Like- 
wise, Hrioptera armata (Needham, 1908a:206) was found swarming near 
Lake Forest, Illinois; but, out of several hundred individuals captured, 
all except three were males. The writer has observed swarming in numer- 
ous species of Ormosia, Molophilus, Erioptera, Gonomyia, Rhabdomastix, 
Limnophila, Ula, Epiphragma, Eriocera, Dicranota, Rhaphidolabis, 
Trichocera, and other genera, and here, too, the males were always 
predominant. The specific data may be consulted under these various 
headings. The males of Dicranota swarm in rather large numbers pre- 
liminary to searching for the females, which rest quietly on the branches 
of neighboring shrubbery. Limnophila ultima, as noted at Gloversville, 
New York, on September 7, 1916, was swarming at half past six o’clock 
in the evening. Theswarms here consisted of from fifty to sixty individuals 
‘and took place from ten to eighteen feet above the earth. Mating took 
place frequently in the air, and as soon as a pair were in copula they flew 
away to some point to rest, many pairs being observed hanging on a 
clothesline a few feet away. There were three distinct swarms, which 
showed little tendency to fuse altho their flight area was very close. The 
vast swarms of Hriocera longicornis and of Trichocera are mentioned or 
discussed elsewhere in this paper. When pairs are in copula, they readily 
take flight, still united, the female usually trailing the male after her; 
altho in a few groups, in which the male is the larger individual of the 
two, the situation is the opposite. Brachypremna, the familiar ‘‘ weaver ”’ 
of the Southern States, has a very remarkable vertical dance of several 
