716 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
9 millimeters in length, but grows rapidly during the spring, attaining 
its full size (17 millimeters) in two months of growth. Liogma glabrata 
spends the winter as a very small larva, but in the spring its growth is 
greatly accelerated. 
The haunts in which the larvae of crane-flies occur are exceedingly 
varied. In the case of single large genera, such as Dicranomyia and 
Tipula, the species range from those that are almost strictly aquatic to 
others that are entirely terrestrial, living in decaying wood or even mining 
in the leaves of plants. 
The transition between strictly aquatic and terrestrial forms is very 
gradual, as was pointed out by Miall (1895:11) some years ago when . 
he wrote: 
How did insects ever come to seek the water, seeing that their mode of respiration is 
primarily adapted to another element? We can see almost all the steps of the adaptation 
on the shores of our rivers, lakes and seas. We can see dipterous larvae which, like the 
“leather jacket ” (the larva of the daddy-long-legs), burrow in the ground for their vegetahle 
food, and devour the roots of grasses. Other larvae of the same family (Tipulidae) prefer 
moist earth in the neighborhood of streams. Others again live immersed in water, or mud 
saturated with water, though they come to the surface at times and push their tails, which 
carry the spiracles, into the air. Some few have kecome so completely aquatic that they 
seldom, if ever, come to the surface, ead all their supply of oxygen is oktained from the 
water. 
The culmination of this latter condition is reached in forms such as 
Antocha and related genera and species. Crampton (1919:100) has 
made similar observations on the subject. 
The haunts of the larvae of crane-flies are best shown by the following 
table, in which the various species are arranged according to habitat, 
from the strictly aquatic to the various terrestrial forms: 
Habitat 
Strictly aquatic, in silken cases 
In very rapid water (lotic) on or in sub- 
merged mosses (hygropetric association) 
Aquatic, on submerged plants 
Semi-aquatic (part of life spent in water, 
hut pupation taking place on land) 
On cliffs and wooden walls, usually in silken 
cases covered hy water 
In cold springs 
Species 
Antocha 
Dicranomyia simulans, Pedicia, Triogma, 
Tipuline No. 1, and others 
Phalacrocera, Triogma 
Dicranomyia simulans, Eriocera, Hexatoma, 
Aeshnasoma, Longurio, Tipula abdomi- 
nalis, T. caloptera, T. bella, 2nd others 
Dicranomyia simulans, Geranomyia, Ellip- 
tera, Dactylolakis, and others 
Pedicia, Thaumastoptera 
