| Tue CrANE-FuiEs or New York — Part II 719 
\various chitinized jaws, legs, heads, and other insect remains, the dis- 
jtended proventricular regions usually show a considerable amount of 
)sand particles and much plant tissue. 
The pupa 
| When ready to pupate, the larva ceases feeding and becomes much 
| contracted and sluggish. The pupa is formed within the last larval skin, 
| which is then shed completely except in certain Cylindrotominae and a 
few scattered genera in other tribes, in which cases the larval skin adheres 
to the posterior end of the abdomen. The pupal existence is spent in or 
near the haunts of the larva. 
In the strictly aquatic genus Antocha the pupa lives in water in a silken 
| case, respiration being accomplished by means of the many-branched 
breathing horns. The species of Elliptera and certain Dicranomyia 
(simulans, for example) approach this aquatic condition. The other 
| species of crane-flies with aquatic larvae known to the writer go to the 
soil in order to pupate, this category including Eriocera, Hexatoma, Tip- 
ula caloptera, T. abdominalis, and many others. 
The pupae of some, at least, of the Cylindrotominae attach themselves 
to plant stems for the purpose of pupation. The leaf-mining Dicrano- 
myia foliocuniculator pupates within the larval passages. The majority 
of the limnobiine forms spend the pupal existence in silken cases to which 
pebbles and particles of débris or plant tissues adhere. 
The pupae of the Ptychopteridae have one of the two breathing horns 
enormously elongated, the tip of this being projected above the water 
level into the air for respiration. Certain tipuline crane-flies have a some- 
what similar development of the breathing horns, discussed later. 
The duration of the pupal existence is remarkably uniform thruout the 
group, averaging from six to eight days. The following table illustrates 
this for the more representative genera and species. Records which 
have not been determined sufficiently close, and which as stated are 
probably too long, are indicated by an asterisk. 
