726 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
In Europe the raven and the starling are important, as already stated. 
Patterson (1908) records the starling as eating great numbers of T7zpula 
oleracea and as boring into the soil in search of the larvae of this 
species. 
“It will be noted that in the foregoing list no species of doves or pigeons 
are recorded in this country as feeding on Tipulidae. The following note 
on an Australian pigeon shows the importance of the larvae as a food for 
these birds: 4 ~ 
Mr. North exhibited the head, crop, and gizzard of a wonga-wonga pigeon (Leucosarcia 
picata Lath.) shot by Mr. H. J. McCooey in a myrtle scrub at Upper Burragorang on the 
2lst inst. The crop is absolutely crammed with dipterous larvae (Habromastix cinerascens 
Sk.) and undigested portions of them mixed with seeds, berries, and earth appear also in the 
gizzard. As the larvae are known to be destructive to grass, the wonga-wonga would appear 
to be deserving of consideration. 
Amphibia.— Crane-flies, both larvae and adults, form a considerable 
element of the food of many Amphibia. The studies by Needham 
(1905:13) show this to be true in the case of the bullfrog, Rana cates- 
becana Shaw. Munz (1920) studied the food habits of eight species of 
Anura and found that five fed on crane-fly larvae or adults. These 
species were Rana clamitans Latr., R. sylvatica Lec., R. palustris Lec., 
R. pipiens Schreb., and Hyla crucifer Wied. The following additional 
records are given: 
Desmognathus fusca Raf. Dusky salamander. Wings of a Limnophila found in a speci- 
men from Ithaca, New York. (A. A. Noyes.) 
Rana clamitans Latr. Green frog. Two larvae of a Tipula, near dejecta Walker, found 
in stomach. (S. W. Frost.) 
Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei Girard. Centerville, Utah, April 27, 1912. Twenty-six 
per cent of the food of this species consisted of a large tipulid. (E. R. Kalmbach.) 
Bufo ae Washington, D. C., May 17, 1890. One per cent tipulid larvae. (W. L. 
McAtee. 
Pisces.— The larvae of crane-flies furnish favorite morsels for many 
carnivorous species of fish, and as a consequence they are in considerable 
demand with fishermen as bait for bass and other game fish. These 
include the larvae of the larger species of Eriocera and many large semi- 
aquatic species of Tipula, especially Tipula caloptera and T. abdominals. 
Fragments of the adult flies are often found in the stomach contents of 
fish, notably species of trout, most of these pieces being of individuals that 
4 Linn. Soc. New South Wales. Proc., ser. 2:9:585. 1894. 
