THE CRANE-Fiies oF New York — Part II 729 
375-377 of reference); Mydaea pertusa Meig., possibly feeding on larvae 
of Tipulidae (page 393-396 of reference). 
A species of Phaonia with presumably parasitic habits is discussed on 
page 732 of this memoir. 
Coleoptera: The adults and the larvae of the following species of ground 
beetles (Carabidae) have been recorded as important enemies of crane- 
flies (Hyslop, 1910): Poecilus lucublandus Say; Micromaseus femoralis 
(Karby); Platynus sp.; Harpalus pennsylvanicus Dej.; H. caliginosus Fabr. 
Most of these were recorded by Webster (1893 a:241) as feeding on the 
injurious erane-fly Tipula bicornis. 
The larvae of Elateridae (wireworms) are enemies of crane-flies. The 
writer has seen several feeding on large larvae of Tipula trivittata. 
Hymenoptera: Ants (Formicidae) undoubtedly capture and devour 
many crane-flies, these generally being pupae or teneral adults. Hyslop 
(1910) cites the record of an A phaenogaster fulva Roger which was observed 
dragging a living adult tipulid over the ground. Chapman (1918:191) 
records feeding species of Myrmica on adult Tipulidae which were readily 
eaten by the ants in preference to most other insect food. On August 2, 
1917, at Larned, Pawnee County, Kansas, along the bank of the Arkansas 
River, the writer noted a small ant which was dragging a still living 
pupa of Gonomyia kansensis from its burrow in the sand at the bank of 
the river. The ant had the pupa about the head and carried it off despite 
its struggles. Both the Gonomyia and the formicid were common and 
the tragedy as described was not accidental. 
The Pemphredonidae (Mimesinae) and the Crabronidae, fossorial wasps 
in the Hawaiian Islands, bear an important relationship to the smaller 
Tipulidae dwelling in the same haunts. Writing of the Mimesinae, a 
subfamily of the Pemphredonidae, Perkins (1913:lxxxv) says: 
All the Hawaiian species of both genera are true forest insects and most of them may be 
seen in large numbers, where they occur, flying around ferns and bushes in sunny places. 
The males are often much more numerous apparently than the females, but this is due to 
the more retiring habits of the latter, which, when they have begun to provision their nests, 
frequent dark, shady and damp places in search of their prey. This consists of the endemic 
Limnobiidae or daddy longlegs, which live in such places. . . . Although I have often 
watched females of these wasps returning with prey to their burrows, it was always Tipulidae 
that they carried to the nest. Their burrows are usually made in the ground and are often 
drilled down from beneath a stone, this no doubt serving to keep the burrow sufficiently 
dry. 
