THE CRraNE-FLIES oF New York — Part II 735 
HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE IMMATURE STAGES 
The discovery and description of the immature stages of crane-flies 
has by no means kept pace with the taxonomic work that has been done 
on the adult flies. There are a very large number of common species in 
every country concerning whose early stages nothing at all is known, 
and the knowledge that exists concerning a comparatively small number 
results from the labors of a few students. Among these may be mentioned 
Beling, Mik, Brauer, Hart, Needham, and Malloch. Some other workers 
have given excellent descriptions of single species, while still others have 
contributed important treatises on the anatomy, morphology, histology, 
and related subjects of the different species. The descriptions of the 
earlier workers are, for the most part, of historical interest only, but 
in a few cases they are exceptional and are still the main source of informa- 
tion concerning certain species. Many of the foremost workers on the 
taxonomy of the adult flies have summarized the earlier writings on the 
immature stages but have themselves contributed little to the subject, 
among these being Schiner, Loew, Osten Sacken, Skuse, and Brunetti. 
The following chronological summary gives an indication of the more 
important work that has been done on this phase of the subject: 
LIC CLING cy eee CET hinischeet-ree Tipula oleracea 
ICE oars o aaa oeeene De Réaumur........ Ptychoptera, Tipula 
UGTAD 5 ota one ko eee DeiGeerse i ee Phalacrocera, Ctenophora, Tipula 
TSOSEE sees: Schellenberg........ Cylindrotoma 
S20 Rett a Scand Usha ee Limnobia xanthoptera [= bifasciata] 
1832 (Posthumous). Lyonet........ ..... Ptychoptera 
Soon See sees 8S Bouché......:...... Dictenidia sp., Tipula sp. 
1 be) ener ee Von Réser.......... Hexatoma nigra 
SSS Meee ah IB oie eek ee Cylindrotoma 
NSAQ ES Here ES. . Dufours-45-0-9 2) 4 Lrichocera 
kei) = he ee ae Helens. secs eee ee Cylindrotoma 
SAGE eines Bremi-Wolf......... Trichocera, Limnobia xanthoptera [=bifasciatal, 
Nephrotoma 
NSA OM eae uals taleee Berrigan snc fat: Trichocera, Limnophila dispar, Ula, Tanyptera 
Ihe a eee eee ae Brauer, Egger, and 
Frauenfeld........ Chionea 
WSGWere ees ens. INOWiICKIee epee osc c Dactylolabis wodzickti 
ICV OA3 8 one ee ee Weyenbergh........ Ctenophora, Dictenidia: anatomy and histology 
WS 73-80% 9 sas os, e18's Belin ge eer eee The immature stages of 69 species of European 
Tipulidae, including 30 species of Tipula 
PSD MORRE cocee sis 5 Hammonds see Tipula oleracea: anatomy 
Leva S en Grobhent-5 ee Ptychoptera: anatomy 
1876-1902........ IDemRossitec nas. aoe Liogma glabrata, Tanyptera atrata 
etal) he cae or oie eee Hermanns ene Tanyptera atrata 
1882-1900. ....... 1 GIS Giorno Discobola, Elliptera, Dactylolabis, Tipula rufina, 
etc. 
