736 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
clon ate gener oo PBPAWere ee so aeiereer Important work on the classification of the 
immature stages 
SSA verre rn nears Gerckewir a sen ea Rhamphidia longirostris, Tanyptera atrata 
[S90 Rea Re ey. Van Gehuchten..... Ptychoptera: histology of alimentary canal 
S93 =O fe een er. IY GP Hes so erect aie Dicranota, Phalacrocera 
1895/1398]. aoa sElsirtem: eeernenie eae Pioneer American worker; Bittacomorpha, etc. 
ISOS am annerree Bengtsson.......... Phalacrocera: anatomy 
1900-09.......... Jonnsone-eee eee Teucholabis, Aeshnasoma, ete. 
OO eee Se sagen Kellogg....... Se Holorusia grandis (as rubiginosa): anatomy 
WOO Ug eare ree a Miiggenberg........ Liogma glabrata 
IQOIZOSER eee Needham........... Dicranomyia simulans, Pedicia albivitta, Rhaphi- 
dolabis, Tipula ultima (as flavicans) 
190-08" eee Sremmanniee eee Triogma. trisulcata 
QOS Aare naar Holmgren. -- 250" Phalacrocera: mouth parts 
OOS RR ere ene ANTHONY ase eer Ctenophora angustipennis: anatomy 
90S =O Re ae Ae, (Paste rier iene Limnobia xanithoptera, Ctenophora 
1908-00 Sates Miuillere sees Triogma trisulcata 
T9OO SS ei any eee IBrocherse eee ee see Tipula lunata 
LOO peri ean ee ee Greene he ee Tipula trivittata 
UQQO eee tanta Thienemann........ Dicranomyia trinotata 
LO Oigs ea Mere tee IBTO Wile sore sean Tipula maxima: anatomy 
TIGA Biers aati ERY )eosa seo soa0Ke Tipula cunctans (as infuscata) 
MOM ee rrsaeviMeas ca teon: \Wareinenrs. Sandan ae Ctenophora, Tipula oleracea: mouth parts 
LOIS ORE ee Sse De Meijere......... Trentepohlia pennipes, Tipulodina pedata, and 
several European species 
UN rare cesta hase Gelinas eke Trichocera: morphology 
LOU Cee ae C@audell ake eee Tipula ultima (as flavicans) 
LON S gence ee Gerbiger an smn Anatomy of the respiratory. system of many 
European species of Tipulidae 
TU be aoe e citys ae IRICAD OR pene eimeaaeiok Trentepohlia bromeliadicola 
LOU A Re  PaNreerene ie aes Del Guercio........ Tipula oleracea 
1914-16... 2... 5.. I ODSCULR esi esa Ptychoptera albimana 
LOTA SO He ere els IN ercrnKolees soled 65 ae c Dicranoptycha, Ula, Eriocera, Hexatoma, Penth- 
optera, Liogma, Prionocera, Tipula arctica 
LOM DE c eencty taser Swezey............. Dicranomyia foliocuniculator 
LOUD Ae eee: Ihovett sere tere ce Ctenophora angustipennis 
NOU ice ateas eee Wesenberg-Lund..... Dicranota, Phalacrocera, Triogma 
HOM HSL. Fee See pe iIMallochkre=eisereree Limnobia immatura, Gnophomyia, and, in his 
uncertain material, Antocha, Elephantomyia 
ONG Nie peeve Rennie. aemcr ernment Tipula paludosa 
AGUS irratoe ec nema Wameroneere seers Cylindrotoma splendens 
OZ ORs ace Enid Sons= ete Gnophomyia rufa, Limnophila sinistra 
LODZ Saree sosts Sarceraeee WN B52 wage weer Thaumastoptera, Cylindrotominae 
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 
The larvae of some species of crane-flies, almost all belonging to the 
genera Tipula and Nephrotoma, often do considerable damage to various 
crop species, the injury being largely caused by the larvae deveuring the 
roots and thus kiiling the plants. Certain of these crane-fly species, as 
Tipula oleracea, T. paludosa, and Nephrotoma maculata in Europe, and 
Tipula bicornis and Nephrotoma ferruginea in America, have long been 
known, but several others have come into prominence only within the 
