Tuer CrANE-Furrs oF New York — Part II Cant 
past ten years, notably Tipula parva Lw. (supposition) in Japan, and 
T. cunctans and T. simplex in North America. The more important out- 
breaks of this nature which have been recorded are as follows. 
Species affecting herbaceous plants 
Nephrotoma ferruginea has been, reported by Webster (1891, and 1893 a: 
243-245) as injurmg young wheat in Indiana, the injury in some cases 
being estimated at fifty per cent. 
Tipula oleracea is the best-known European species in this group, infest- 
ing a wide range of plants. The more important outbreaks of this species 
as recorded are as follows: Ewert (1899) reports from Germany an 
unusually severe attack, in which the larvae of this species and of Tipula 
migra did a considerable amount of damage to the roots of grasses. They 
were so abundant that from ten to twenty could be found in the area of 
one square foot. Grasses in the infested area were completely destroyed. 
Ormerod (1885, 1886, 1900) records serious injury by 7’. oleracea to pastures 
and meadows in England, and recommends applications of guano either 
alone or mixed with salt, kainit, or superphosphate. This species has been 
recorded also as being a serious pest in Ireland (Anonymous reference, 
1904b) in grainfields and meadows, and careful plowing and the use of 
fertilizers for its control are advised. Schoyen (1903), in Norway, reports 
serious injury to meadows and pastures, as well as to cereals and young 
cabbage plants. Del Guercio (1914) records serious injury in the Italian 
rice fields. ; 
A few additional outbreaks of Tzpula oleracea may be mentioned. 
Barthou (1913) records injury to canes (raspberry, strawberry, and 
others) in France. Désoil (1914) reports injury to meadows in France, 
and Ritzema Bos (1915) to meadows in Holland. 
Tipula paludosa is reported by Lind, Rostrup, and Kolpin Ravn (1914 
and 1915) as causing serious injury to oats and barley in Denmark, and 
Rennie (1916 and 1917) reports the same species as injuring corn and 
pastures in England. 
Tipula flavolineata is reported by Sopotzko (1916) as injuring clover 
in Russia. The specific identity, however, is probably erroneous, as this 
species lives almost entirely in decaying wood (Beling, 1873 b: 581-582). 
Onuki (1905) records Tipula parva Lw. (supposition) as one of the seri- 
ous rice pests in Japan. In some localities from sixty to ninety per 
