738 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
cent of the seedlings have been destroyed by this species. The larvae 
apparently cannot exist in water for any long period of time, and so may 
be killed by flooding the fields for from six to thirty-six hours. Del 
Guercio (1914) offers the same recommendation for the control of T. 
oleracea in, the Italian rice fields. 
Tipula bicornis has been found in grass and clover lands in [linois by 
Forbes (1890), and on clover in Indiana by Webster (1892 a). 
Tipula cunctans, as recorded by Hyslop (1910:126, as T. infuscata), 
works largely on Japan clover and other leguminous plants. The larvae 
are often exceedingly numerous, as many as two hundred having been 
found m an area covering but. little more than one square foot of soil. 
They destroy the plants by devouring the roots and sucking the Juices. 
It is recommended that the infested fields be plowed under before the 
adult flies emerge (in the autumn), and the following season be planted 
to corn or potatoes or else left fallow. 
Tipula simplex has been found on pasture land and alfalfa in Cali- 
fornia by Doane (1908) and by Carnes and Newcomer (1912). Doane 
(cited by Hyslop, 1910:120-121) also reports an outbreak of this species 
on wheat and grass lands and in clover fields in central California in 
1907, and states that thousands of acres of these crops were stripped of 
their verdure. 
The following summary gives the various species of plants that are 
damaged or destroyed by crane-flies in general. Very many of the 
injuries reported for Tzpula oleracea, however, are omitted. 
Family Crop Species Authority 
Gramineae...... Wihea trie anc. Nephrotoma ferruginea Webster (Indiana), 1891, 18934 
Wiheatse ee Tipula simplex....... Hyslop (California), 1910 
Wiheatacssees- Tipulidae............ Stedman (Missouri), 1902 . 
Cores. 3. 2. Lipula paludosarerns. =. Rennie (England), 1917 
Corey eee EP ULLOAS Dene Kirk (New Zealand), 1895 
Barley =e Tipula paludosa...... Lind, Rostrup, and Kolpin Ravn 
(Denmark), 1915 
Barleyr seer eee Tapulag spe ee Wahl and Miller (Germany), 
1914 
Barley... ..:. Tipula oleracea....... Goriatchkovsky (Russia), 1915 
Qats a eeirere Tipula paludosa...... Lind, Rostrup, and Kolpin Ravn 
(Denmark), 1914, 1915 
RICCO. o Meee eee: Tipula oleracea....... Del Guercio (Italy), 1914 
IRICE s arete te evsrelose Tipula parva........- Onuki (Japan), 1905 
Cereals,....... Tipula oleracea....... Anonymous reference (Ireland), 
1904 b 
Cereals (42332 Nephrotoma pratensis.. Hollrung (Germany), 1898 
