740 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
Ctenophora angustipennis is recorded as doing secondary damage to prune 
trees in Oregon (Lovett, 1915). Fuchs (1900) records four species — 
Tipula scripta, T. marginata, Nephrotoma cornicina [as iridicolor], and 
NN. quadrifaria —as injuring young plants of both deciduous and conif- 
erous species. Taschenberg (1880:54) describes Tzpula flavolineata and 
Nephrotoma crocata as destroying year-old seedlings of fir and larch. 
Matsumura (1916:466) records the larva of Nephrotoma makiella as 
injurious to the mulberry (Morus) in Formosa. 
METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 
Collecting 
The larvae of the larger species of crane-flies, such as those of the genera 
Tipula, Pedicia, and Eriocera, may be readily discovered in the field, 
but the immature stages of the smaller Tipulidae are not so easily found. 
It is necessary to bring into the laboratory large quantities of the material 
in which the immature stages are supposed to be living,. and there to 
examine it with considerable care. In the case of mud or earth, it is 
better to wash away the finer silt particles and examine the residue. 
The writer has found it most convenient to use a Simplex water-net, 
placing in it a handful of earth and holding it underneath a running faucet. 
The mesh of this net isof sufficient diameter to retain any crane-fly larvae 
except the very young stages. When the fine particles have been removed 
the residue can be examined in water in white enameled or porcelain 
dishes, and the larvae and pupae may be easily detected in the water. 
Numerous associated forms of life will be found, and these should be pre- 
served or recorded. 
The immature stages of wood-inhabiting species are most easily found 
in the field by a patient and painstaking examination of the removed 
bark and the exposed parts of the tree stump or trunk. Moss-inhabit- 
ing species, such as those of Liogma and many tipuline forms, may be 
shaken from their haunts onto a piece of white oilcloth, where they are 
easily observed. 
Killing and preserving 
The larvae and pupae to be studied should be dropped into boiling water 
for a brief instant. The larva, on contact with the water, at once expands 
to its maximum size, the spiracular disk is spread wide open, and the anal 
