THe CRANE-F ities or New York — Part II 7A1 
gills are completely everted. The specimens should be placed in 4-per- 
cent formalin or, preferably, 70- to 75-per-cent alcohol. Large, fleshy 
larvae, such as those of the Tipulinae, should be slit at the third or the 
fourth abdominal segment to allow easy penetration of the preservative. 
Other notes on preserving material are given by Banks (1909) and by 
Williamson (1916). 
Study 
In the study of the gross material, both the binocular and the com- 
pound microscope may be used. <A special word on the preparation 
of the head capsule of the larva may be helpful. In removing the head 
capsule from the body it is generally easiest to slit longitudinally the tho- 
racic segments back of the head and pull the capsule thru this incision. 
In forms with compact and massive capsules, the thorax and the head may 
be snipped off and the head everted after the manner of turning the 
finger of a glove. The capsule should be left in a 5-per-cent solution 
of caustic potash until all the fleshy parts have been removed. It 
should be dissected out so that all the mouth parts are isolated and 
rendered distinct for study. Then follow the usual processes of washing 
and dehydration, and the final mounting in canada balsam. 
Various means are available for examining the spiracular disk. The 
specimen may be placed in a watch crystal under water and held firmly 
in place by a piece of glass, as, for example, a broken microscope slide. 
By holding a heavy piece of glass over the anterior end of the body, the 
posterior end may be bent at’a right angle and bolstered in place by two 
or three other glass fragments so that the disk is directed straight upward 
and its details are easily examined. Other methods, such as embedding 
the anterior end of the larva in paraffin in a deep dish and submerging 
the body, may be followed. It must be emphasized that in alcoholic 
gross material the study should be conducted under alcohol or water. 
The measurements of the pupa— abbreviated in the text as d.-s. 
(dextro-sinistral) for the width and d.-v. (dorso-ventral) for the depth — 
are taken opposite the wing pad. 
Rearing 
In order to rear the immature stages of crane-flies successfully the 
natural haunts should be imitated as closely as possible. In the case 
of wood-inhabiting species, large pieces of the material in which the larvae 
