THE CRANE-Fiies oF New York — Part II 745 
in many Eriopterini and some Limnobiini (Dicranoptycha). It is made 
up of the composite head capsule, three thoracic segments, and nine 
evident abdominal segments. In some species all the abdominal segments 
are subdivided, respectively, into a narrow basal and a usually broader 
posterior ring, or annulus; in other species only the basal segments are 
so subdivided. The integument is usually covered with a dense appressed 
pubescence and often bears setae, or pencils of hairs, or, in some Cylin- 
drotominae, spinous projections. 
Respiration is characteristically metapneustic; in the Rhyphidae it is 
amphipneustic, in Antocha apneustic. The typical metapneustic forms 
often show vestigial lateral spiracles, but these are not functional in any 
species known to the writer and the peripneustic type of larva is still 
unknown in this group of Diptera. The spiracles are placed at the ends 
of the long breathing tubes in the Tanyderidae and the Ptychopteridae. 
In the Tanyderidae, the Tipulidae, and the Rhyphidae the disk is sur- 
rounded by a varying number of lobes which are rarely indistinct, these 
ranging in number from two to eight. Anal gills are found in repre- 
sentatives of almost all the major groups of crane-flies, and their loss is 
a result of habitat and non-usage. In wood-inhabiting species the gills 
are often modified into blunt lobes, having the evident function of pro- 
pulsion by shoving. 
Body form 
As already stated, in the majority of crane-fly larvae the body is terete 
or approximately so, but in some species it is decidedly depressed with 
the ventral surface flattened. Such forms are Dactylolabis, some Cylin- 
drotominae, and some Tipulinae. The integument is produced into 
elongate spines and blades in almost all species of Cylindrotominae, similar 
conditions being suggested in a few tipulines. A definite arrangement of 
setae (chaetotaxy) obtains. The basal abdominal ring is provided with 
a transverse creeping-welt in the Limnobini and in some Hexatomini 
and Pediciini, as well as in a few other forms. In some genera, 
as Epiphragma, this welt is practically naked; in others it is covered with 
a microscopic scurfiness; while in still others (Dicranota) it is separated 
into distinct paired prolegs, which are armed with circlets of chitinized 
hooks that lessen in size from the tips basally. The welts are both dorsal 
and ventral in position in many Limnobiini and in some Pediciuni (Rhaphi- 
