wo2 CHARLES Pau ALEXANDER 
plicated, usually having a considerable number of teeth on the cutting 
edge and a distinct sub-basal arm (prostheca) or prosthecal tuft of hairs. 
At the same time there are usually one or more setae on the outside of 
the mandible, near the “heel,” or base, of the scrobal region. In the 
generalized tipulid type there are two apical teeth and two rows of cutting 
teeth. In other cases, as in the Limnobiini, there are but a single dorsal 
tooth, a single apical tooth, and a varying number of cutting teeth on 
the ventral face; in some species of Limnobia the number of teeth in the 
ventral cutting row is six or seven. In the Tipulini the mandible is often 
reduced in size (as in Tanyptera), there being but a single dorsal and 
a single ventral tooth in addition to the apical point; the prostheca, 
however, is usually well developed. In the Eriopterini but one row of 
teeth, the ventral, is strongly developed. In the Pediciini and the higher 
Hexatomini, the mandible is elongate and sickle-shaped, with the few 
teeth on the cutting edge at about midlength. In Ulomorpha the mandible 
is hinged at about midlength, the basal part being hollowed out on the 
inner face to receive the blade in a position of rest. 
The mazxillae— The maxillae are usually of simple form. In the 
generalized types, such as the eucephalous families and the lower groups 
of the subfamilies of Tipulidae, they consist of a large and distinct trans- 
versely triangular cardo, a conspicuous stipes, and distinct inner and 
outer apical lobes. In the Pediciini the lobes are separate in the supposed 
Adelphomyia larva but are fused together in the highest types (Dicranota). 
In the Hexatomini the lobes are reduced to a single long, flattened blade. 
The outer and inner lobes are usually densely hairy, especially at the tip 
and on the inner face of the latter. The palpus is uni-articulate and 
antenniform in the generalized forms, is short-cylindrical with a varying 
number of tiny sense pegs at the apex, and bears on its face a circular 
auditory plate similar to that of the antenna. The armature of the inner 
lobes is varied, in some species being provided with stiff, comblike setae, 
or projections. 
The pupa 
General features 
The pupa of the crane-fly is of the so-called “ free,’ or “ mummy,” 
type. In only a few cases does the larval skin adhere to the end of the 
abdomen (Dactylolabis, Cylindrotoma, and some other forms.) The head 
is usually small, and is ventral in position. Immediately behind the 
