THE CRANE-F LIES oF New York — Part II 753 
head on the pronotum are the two breathing horns, which are variously 
developed in the different tribes and genera and furnish invaluable bases 
for classification. The leg sheaths usually far exceed the short or but 
moderately elongate wing sheaths. The abdominal segments are often 
provided with a subterminal armature of stiff setae, or spines. At the 
posterior end of the body, the last two segments (cauda) are variously 
modified to inclose the sexual organs of the adult flies. 
The head 
The head is usually small and flattened, occupying the anterior ventral 
part of the body. The eyes differ in size in the various groups, in some 
(Erioptera, Elephantomyia) being larger in the male than in the 
female; in the male sex they are approximated on the median, line above 
or beneath. 
The front between the eyes is usually narrowed behind, delimited by 
the inner margin of the compound eye, narrowed at the posterior end, 
and bluntly rounded or pointed at the apex. This part is described 
herein as the labrum, or labral sheath. It contains the fronto-clypeus 
and the labrum of the imago. At its tip it bears two more or less diver- 
gent lobes, these being in some cases closely approximated so as to appear 
as a single lobe; these are herein termed the labzal lobes or sheaths, and they 
contain the so-called paraglossae of the adult fly. 
On either side of the labral sheath, and usually divergent and lying 
along the posterior margin of its face, are the sheaths of the maxillary 
palpi, which in most cases extend beyond the knee joint of the fore Jegs. 
In almost all the Limnobiinae these are short and stout and almost 
straight, but in the majority of the tipuline forms they are curved at 
their tips, which in most species are actually recurved and offer an easy 
means of distinguishing members of this subfamily. In many of the 
Limnobiini the margins of the cheeks project as flattened ledges overlying 
the joint of the fore legs. 
The antennae arise from above or between the eyes and bend laterad 
and thence caudad around the eyes, in some forms, such as Elephant- 
omyia and the males of other species, lying across the face of the eyes. 
The antennae usually end just beyond the roots of the wings, but in the 
males of some species (Eriocera) they extend beyond the tips of the wings. 
The basal segments (scape) of the antennal sheath are often armed with 
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