Tue CRANE-F LIES oF NEw York — Parr II Heo 
two or more, basal rings and a much broader posterior ring. The segments 
are variously armed with setae, or spines. In the Limnobiini and some 
Hexatomini these occur on the basal annulus, and consist of a transverse 
welt which is margined (as in Antocha and Elliptera) or covered with 
abundant microscopic chitinized points. In some Pediciini the setae 
occupy both the basal and the posterior rings of the intermediate abdominal 
segments. In the Eriopterini and most Hexatomini, as well as in the 
tipuline forms, the setae occur on the posterior ring, just before the caudal 
margin, and consist of a single transverse row of small spines. In the 
Cylindrotominae the segments are often armed with prominent elongate 
body projections (Liogma, Triogma). In Phalacrocera elongate lobes 
are confined”to the posterior segments of the abdomen. In the Pty- 
chopteridae the segments are densely covered with transverse rows of 
long tubercles which are replaced by chitinized plates near the posterior 
margin of the segments. In Bittacomorpha these tubercles are stellate 
at their tips. 
The dorsum of the cauda in most crane-flies is armed with four, five, 
or six conspicuous lobes which are often spinous at or near their tips. 
These represent the lobes that surround the spiracular disk of the larva, 
and their number generally corresponds to the larval condition. Thus, 
in the Ptychopteridae there is a single lobe, in the Pediciini there are two, 
and in the Hexatomini and the Eriopterini there are four or five. In the 
Tipulinae there are often but four evident lobes, the dorsal pair 
of the larva not being represented. In some generalized groups, as 
the Limnobaria, the Rhamphidaria, and others as indicated else- 
where in this paper, the larval spiracles persist in a more or less functional 
condition. 
Abdominal spiracles.— In the Eriopterini and the Hexatomini there is 
a distinct and apparently functional spiracle on each pleurite of the second 
to the seventh abdominal segments, located near the base of the posterior 
ring. In the Eriopterini these spiracles are small and, in the cast pupal 
skin, appear tubular or elongate. Smaller vestigial spiracles are evident 
in most genera of the Tipulidae. 
As has been mentioned earlier in this paper, in certain primitive genera 
of Tipulidae — such as Rhamphidia, Ula, Epiphragma, and to a lesser 
extent those of Limnobaria— there is a pair of rather large spiracles 
on the dorsum of the eighth segment. In Dactylolabis cubitalis the lateral 
