Tuer CRANE-FiIES oF NEw York — Part II 759 
coiled malpighian tubules. Behind the ventriculus lies the small intestine, 
with a caliber much smaller than that of the ventriculus. At the union 
of the large and the small intestine is a prominent diverticulum of very 
large size (in Ctenophora three times as large as in Holorusia). The 
large intestine gradually dilates behind to form the rectum. 
Phalacrocera has the ventriculus without caeca and the hind intestine 
without a diverticulum, altho it is decidedly a herbivorous genus. The 
condition in Chionea is almost the same. In Phalacrocera, and probably 
in most other larvae, a peritrophic membrane (a secretion of the epithelium 
which incases the food and keeps it from direct contact with the epithe- 
lium) is present. 
There are four malpighian tubules in all the Tipulidae that have been 
thoroly studied (Chionea, Eriocera, Dicranota, Phalacrocera, Ctenophora, 
Holorusia, Tipula, and a few others). In the Rhyphidae, likewise, there 
are four tubules in both the larval and adult stages. In the Ptychop- 
teridae, however, there are five tubules, as in the Culicidae, the Psy- 
chodidae, and related families. This might indicate some basis for placing 
the Ptychopteridae in close proximity to the Culicidae, as has been done 
by Lameere (1906). $ 
The salivary glands consist of two large coiled tubules which pass into 
a collecting duct and unite to form the common collecting duct that opens 
at the base of the hypopharynx. 
Carnivorous larvae (Dicranota, Eriocera) 
The alimentary canal in the carnivorous type of crane-flies is a short, 
straight tube, with a minimum of appendages such as caeca and diver- 
ticula. In Eriocera the esophagus is very long, and the ventriculus is 
short and without caeca. The malpighian tubules are yellow at their 
origin, soon passing into an orange-brown color. ‘The intestine is short 
and straight, without a diverticulum. 
The salivary glands in the newly killed larva of Eriocera spinosa are 
very conspicuous by their opalescent color, which persists for a day or 
more after death. These glands consist of two elongate-oval or cylindrical 
glands, of the opalescent color just mentioned. From the anterior end 
of each of these glands passes the long, slender, salivary collecting duct, 
which unites with its fellow to form a common duct opening at the mouth 
cavity. From the caudal end of each gland is a flattened, almost hyaline, 
