THE Crane-Fules or New York — Part II 765 
and the lower Oligocene Baltic amber, has a considerable tropical element 
apparent — as, for instance, Styringomyia, found in both formations, 
and Trentepohlia, Polymera, and Brachypremna, the last two being 
amber records. In connection with these two last-named genera, as 
fossils known only from the Baltic amber, it should be noted that each 
is found living to-day only in America, where they are confined to the 
austral and tropical regions. 
The Tanyderidae are represented by the Oligocene Macrochile (amber) 
and Etoptychoptera. At present this is still a very small group, including 
but two genera and nine species. 
The Ptychopteridae include a Ptychoptera from the Bohemian Krot- 
tensee (probably upper Oligocene) and a Bittacomorpha from the 
Florissant. 
The Rhyphidae (Trichocerinae) are represented by two species from 
the Baltic amber and one or two additional species from the Miocene. 
The Tipulidae may be considered in general terms only. But one 
tipulid is listed by Handlirsch as being known from the Mesozoic. In 
the earliest Tertiaries, however, a variety of species is found in this family 
which almost parallels their recent development. 
Fhe Limnobiini first appeared in the Eocene (Dicranomyia, Gera- 
nomyia). In the lower Oligocene, numerous species of Dicranomyia and 
Rhipidia occurred. In the Miocene, Dicranomyia was common, tho 
probably not so rich in species as at present. Rhamphidia is found in 
amber, and Antocha has been described from the Florissant Miocene by 
Scudder; the latter record, however, seems very doubtful to the writer, 
judging from Scudder’s figure and deséription. 
The Hexatomini are represented by Ula, Limnophila, Eriocera, and 
Polymera in amber, and by Limnophila in the Florissant shales. 
There is no record of the Pediciini being preserved as’ fossils. 
The Eriopterini are well represented in the Baltic amber by Erioptera, 
Gnophomyia, Gonomyia, and related genera, and also in the Miocene by 
Gonomyia, Cladura, and others. Toxorhina, an apparent relative of 
Elephantomyia, occurs in the Baltic amber. 
The Styringomyiini are represented by the only living genus, Styringo- 
myia, a fly of uncertain affinities, in the Gurnet Bay Oligocene (Cockerell, 
1917¢ and 1919) and in amber, reappearing in the Pleistocene African 
copal. 
