THE CrRANE-FLIES oF New York — Part II 767 
derived — the Pediciini and the Eriopterini on the one hand, the hexato- 
mine divisions on the other. The highest levels of development of their 
respective types are apparently Diotrepha (Limnobiini), Dicranota 
(Pediciini), Gonomyia (Eriopterini), and Hexatoma (Hexatomini). 
The immature stages of:the Tipulidae of the antipodal regions (Australia 
and Chile) are entirely unknown, and their discovery may bring to light 
striking novelties that may well upset the present ideas of classification. 
The largest remaining gaps in the present knowledge of the Nearctic 
fauna relate to the genera Atarba, Toxorhina, Cryptolabis, Phyllolabis, 
and Megistocera, but it is not expected that any major groups will have 
to be created for their reception. 
LIFE HISTORIES OF CRANE-FLIES, WITH KEYS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF 
THE SPECIES 
Various classifications and arrangements of Diptera have been proposed . 
in the past, and the principal evolutionary changes in the entomologist’s 
conception of classification are herein indicated. 
The groupings in the superfamily Tipuloidea have been very diverse. 
Brauer (1883) separated the eucephalous families from the Tipulidae 
(Polyneura). Osten Sacken (1893) placed the Tipulidae in the Nemocera 
vera, the Rhyphidae in the Nemocera anomala. Coquillett (in Howard, 
1912:85-86) included the Tipulidae in his superfamily Tipuloidea, but 
separated the Rhyphidae, placing the latter in Bibionoidea. Lameere (1906) 
gave a classification that had little basis in fact, the Rhyphidae being 
considered by him as Brachycera and the Ptychopteridae being placed 
with the Culicidae. Knab (1915), working on the respiratory systems 
of the larvae, demonstrated the hitherto unnatural groupings of the 
families of the Nemocera, and arranged the crane-fly families, along 
with a few others, in the group Polyneura, a group coordinate in rank 
with the previous conception of the Nematocera. The latest grouping, 
that of Malloch (1915-17 b), was based on a broad knowledge of both the 
adult flies and the immature stages; and here, for the first time, one gets 
the true conception of the superfamily limits—the inclusion of the 
Ptychopteridae, the Tipulidae, and the Rhyphidae in a single major group. 
Malloch’s arrangement is herein adopted, with the following exceptions: 
(1) the Limnobiidae are not held as constituting a separate family, but 
are united with the Tipulidae; (2) the family Tanyderidae has beer 
