TH CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
posterior group being the longest and most dorsal in position; on ventral face, four punctures 
on either side (Plate XIII, 8); prefrontal sclerite apparently lacking setae, but on the epicranium. 
proper, along margin of prefrons, a longitudinal group of six punctures on either side, the 
anterior pair the longest. Labrum semicircular in outline, outer margin fringed with long, 
stiff hairs; dorsal surface with two transverse punctures. Clypeus narrowly transverse, 
with four setiferous punctures in a transverse row. Dorsal median part of epicranium 
forming a subquadrate lobe whose lateral angles bear brushes of hairs; laterad of these angles 
a rounded hollow overlapped by a Sat, bilobed operculum (this may be some modification 
of the antennae which should occupy about this position on the head). Mandible elongate, 
strongly chitinized, tridentate, the apical tooth the longest and more acute than the others, 
the middle tooth bluntly obtuse; inner posterior angle of mandible produced proximad 
beneath outer lobe of maxilla into a bluntly rounded lobe; mandible with a group of curved 
setae on scrobe near base, and a group of longer bristles lying distad and mesad of these 
setae on dorsal face of mandible. Maxilla with base, in a position of rest, concealed beneath 
head-chitin; palpus stout, antenniform, two-segmented, the basal segment short and stout, 
the apical segment much shorter and narrower, with a small, lateral, sensory papilla; outer 
lobe of maxilla produced cephalad as a stout, digitiform lobe which is densely hairy. 
Famity Ptychopteridae 
Larva.— Body eucephalous, metapneustic, long and slender, the caudal end prolonged 
into a more or less completely retractile breathing tube bearing the spiracles at the tip. 
Lobes surrounding spiracular disk indistinct. Anal gills two, elongate-cylindrical, 
unbranched. Integument with tiny hairs (Ptychoptera), or with slight warty pro- 
tuberances (Bittacomorpha), or with conspicuous elongate tubercles (Bittacomorphella). 
Fseudopods on abdominal segments 1 to 3 each bearing a curved claw. Head complete; 
eyespots distinct. Mandibles opposed. Mentum many-toothed (Ptychopterinae) or merely 
bilobed (Bittacomorphinae). 
Pupa.— Usually with one of the two pronotal breathing horns greatly elongated, much 
longer than the body (this may not be true in Bittacomorphella); in Ptychoptera and 
Bittacomorpha it is the right horn that is elongated, the left being degenerated; in Bitta- 
comorphella the right horn-is degenerated. Tarsal sheaths all parallel in the Ptychopterinae, 
the fore pair overlying the middle pair in the Bittacomorphinae. Abdomen covered with 
setiferous tubercles arranged in transverse rows on tergites and sternites, and more or less 
~ in longitudinal rows on pleurites. Cauda with a powerful dorsal median lobe near base of 
segment 8. 
The family Ptychopteridae includes three genera falling in two tribes: 
the Ptychopterinae including the single genus Ptychoptera, and the 
Bittacomorphinae including the.“‘ phantom crane-flies,” Bittacomorpha 
and Bittacomorphella. The habits of these species are discussed below 
in connection with the various genera. The following keys separate 
the subfamilies of the Ptychopteridae: 
