788 CHARLES PAauL ALEXANDER 
Rhyphus punctatus) and by Malloch (1915-17 b: 248, R. punctatus). The 
larvae are often handsomely banded and mottled with brown or purplish. 
Johannsen and other authors describe the cauda as ending in two short 
lobes, but Malloch mentions five such lobes. The general structural 
characters are those described above for the family. The larvae occur 
in decaying vegetable matter, in manure (especially horse and cow dung), 
in sewage, and in similar material. 
The Mycetobiinae are represented by Mycetobia, a curious fly which 
superficially resembles a mycetophilid rather than a crane-fly. Long ago 
Lyonet, Dufour, Guérin-Méneville and others described and figured the 
larva of Mycetobia and noted the eucephalous condition of the head and 
the amphipneustic spiracles. Osten Sacken (1863) first suspected the 
affinities of this genus with Rhyphus. More recently, work by Johannsen 
(1910:31-82), Malloch (1915-17 a, and 1915-17b: 244-245), Edwards 
(1916), Knab (1916), and others has definitely settled the relationship 
of this insect with the Rhyphidae. The larvae and the pupae agree 
closely with the general family characters discussed above. The larvae 
occur in decaying wood and about fermenting sap in wounds of trees. 
The genera Ditomyia Winn. and Symmerus Walk. are now placed in a 
separate family from Mycetobia, the Ditomyiidae (Keilin, 1919). 
Until recently, the Trichocerinae have been considered as being mem- 
bers of the family Tipulidae. They include only the genus Trichocera, 
with about twenty-five nominal species, and, presumably, Ischnothrix 
Bigot, represented by a single species from Cape Horn. From the general 
appearance of the adult, these flies have usually been referred to the tribe 
Limnophilini, in a position near the genus Limnophila. Brunetti (1912) 
referred them to the Pediciini, and most other recent workers have accorded 
them tribal or subfamily rank in the Tipulidae. Bezzi (1914:214), 
influenced by the work of Keilin (1912), referred Trichocera to the 
Rhyphidae, but later (1918a:20) placed it back in the Tipulidae (as Lim- 
nobiidae). Mailoch (1915-17b:234) likewise places Trichocera with the 
Tipulidae, but mentions the close resemblance of the larva to that of 
Rhyphus. The best discussions of the morphology of the larva and the 
pupa are those by Keilin (1912) and De Meijere (1916:191-194), both 
of whom were strongly impressed by the striking resemblance of the larva 
to that of Rhyphus. In the present paper, the Trichocerinae is the only 
group considered in detail. 
