792 CHARLES Paunt ALEXANDER 
and forty genera. The species are found in most parts of the world, being 
restricted only by intense heat and cold. Crane-flies require moisture 
in order to complete their development, and, as a consequence, are almost 
always found in the neighborhood of flowing or stagnant water. No 
species known to the writer are inhabitants of desert conditions, the 
nearest approach probably being some Eriopterini, such as Helobia, 
Trimicra, and other genera. 
The immature stages frequent very wide ranges of habitat, which are 
indicated elsewhere (page 716). They are readily separable from other 
related species by the characters outlined on pages 744 to 758. The 
subfamilies of Tipulidae may be separated by the following keys: 
Larvae 
1. Body provided with elongate spines or leaflike projections. 
Cylindrotominae, pars (p. ae 
Body, without distinet/spines.. is cic.) occa el cioieie = ite eee 
2. Form depressed, with more or less distinct lateral tukercles; terrestrial on er 
Danser eee ee eee ee eens ae Ce i ee eee Cylindrotominae, pars (p. ie 
Form terete; if depressed, without tubercles... ........... 0.000000 0e cece eee ee 
3. Spiracular disk surrounded by six or eight lobes.................... Tipulinae (p. ia) 
Spiracular disk not as above... 20225 ca feo oes Vie ties ote eee 
4, Spiracular disk surrounded by two, four, or five lobes...................2....0+--s- A 
Spiracular disk with three lobes or without distinct lobes............. | uae 7 
5. Head capsule massive, the hypopharynx a flattened plate with few teeth; size large 
(aberrant Dipulinae))4s. esc nb. Gla eau ki Ps ek eee 6 
Head capsule massive or dissected, if the former the hypopharynx not as above; size 
Usual lyaismalleie matey aie coe tanemei tis ea ape cena een a Nira eee Limnobiinae, pars (p. 793) 
6. Spiracular disk with five lobes; lives in moss........... Genus Dolichopeza Curt. (p. 981) 
Spiracular disk with four slender, hornlike lobes; lives in earth. 
Tipula selene Meig. (p. 1016) 
7. Size large (830 mm. or over); form very stout, terete; head capsule of the tipuline type; 
VES ATS WOOG se lntegseoe ei en arene Genus Tanyptera Latr. (p. 988) 
Size small (20 mm. or under); form slender, terete; head capsule of the limnobiine type. 
Limnobiinae, pars. (p. 793) 
Pupae 
1. Basal abdominal segments unarmed with teeth or spinous projections hefore posterior 
MATE. (eis oe ns mc cid | MO eat ie HUNG oe a ble HON oe = ene CE eee 2 
Basal abdominal segments armed with a transverse row of usually small teeth or chitinous 
projections before: posterior marginyn sy) sac Gah ao eo eee ee 3 
2. Last larval skin adhering to posterior end, attaching pupa to a plant stem or a leaf; 
coloration bright sence, anaes ee ee Cylindrotominae, pars (p. 959) 
INOt asina BO MeN Iiy caper cute) hotelier ae ie NR eaten la ney ana en Limnobiinae, pars (p. 793) 
3. Maxillary palpi curved or recurved at tips; size large, usually 12 mm. or over. 
Tipulinae, pars (p. oa 
Maxillary ‘palpi motmecurved/at tips)... 2 22 ace ace ene ae ee eee 
4. Maxillary palpi long, slightly or decidedly curved at tips; size large, length usually 12 mm. 
Oy Oa (=) See er A mM Meena Nom Gots olcndoaduocodoombc 5) 
Maxillary palpi short, straight; size small, usually 10 mm. or under. 
Limnobiinae, pars (p. 793) 
