800 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
Antocha is a small genus of crane-flies (about seven species) whose 
specific limits are still not well understood. The species are well dis- 
tributed thruout the Northern Hemisphere. The adult flies are of prim- 
itive organization, but the larvae and the pupae are highly specialized 
in many respects. 
The only previous record of the immature stages of any member of this 
group is the unknown Limnobiine No. 2 (Malloch, 1915-17 b : 236-237), which 
surely refers to an Antocha, possibly A. monticola Alex. The main point 
of difference between the species described by Malloch and the species 
described in detail hereinafter is the small spiracles mentioned in the 
deseription of the former species. A. saxicola lacks spiracles, since it 
has no use for them, being confined to submerged cases often many feet 
below the surface of the water. 
Altho nothing is known concerning the immature stages of the genera 
Orimargula, Orimarga, and Diotrepha, the writer believes that these 
genera will be found to have larvae of this same general type, since from 
the structure of the adults they are obviously derived from the Antocha 
stem. The larvae are curiously suggestive of the Pediciini (as compared 
with Dicranota), but the structure of the mouth parts, the smooth pseudo- 
pods, and the cauda, are quite different and indicate that the similarities 
are analogous only. The pupae are unlike those of any crane-fly as yet 
made known, in the very remarkable breathing horns; but this is possibly 
a condition brought about by the habitat rather than a fundamental 
feature. The apparently very different pupae of Elliptera are closely 
related to Antocha. 
Antocha saxicola O. S. 
1859 Antocha saxicola O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 219. 
Antocha saxicola has one of the most interesting life histories of any of 
the crane-flies yet discovered, not only because of the larval and pupal 
habitat, but also because of the peculiar structures that appear in the 
larva and in the pupa and have been found nowhere eise in the immature 
stages of the family, so far as is known. The larvae simulate strikingly 
the same stage in the Pedicaria, but are apneustic, entirely lacking func- 
tional spiracles and depending wholly on tracheal gills for their respira- 
tion. ‘The pupae have the pronotal breathing horns split into eight long 
filaments, so that they bear a curious superficial resemLlance to the pupae 
