THE CRANE-FiIES oF NEw York — Part II 803 
Antocha is by no means confined to rapidly flowing streams, altho 
the insects are very often found in such situations. The writer has found 
adults in his tent traps set over the Sacandaga River, in Fulton County, 
New York, where the water was very quiet and at least ten feet deep. 
Needham (1908a:169-170, 205), similarly, found adults in numbers in 
his tent traps set over Beaver Meadow Brook at Old Forge, New York, 
in August, 1905, but did not locate the larvae. In rapid-flowing streams 
the insects sometimes occur just at the surface in a few millimeters of 
water, or at greater depths. The immature stages seem adapted to live 
under almost any conditions of current, from moderate pressure to sit- 
uations where the water rushes by in torrents and where but few of the 
usual lotic organisms, such as Blepharocera, Simulium, Psephenus, and 
others, can exist. From Clemens’ studies (1917: 14-23) it is evident that 
the current is much more rapid just beneath the surface than at various 
lower depths, so that at a depth of one foot the current velocity is only 
about two-thirds of that at the surface. Thus these aquatic organisms are 
not constantly and entirely subjected to such tremendous pressures as 
on first sight they appear to be. Many of the larvae and pupae perish 
from desiccation, due to the lowering of the stream level and the conse- 
quent exposure of the rocks on which their homes are made. 
Copulation between the adult flies takes place on the exposed rocks 
in and along the margins of the streams where the larvae live (Osten 
Sacken, 1869:127). The eggs are deposited in the water, and the entire 
life, until the emergence of the adult fly, is spent beneath the water. The 
whole life cycle may require a year, altho the species is possibly double- 
brooded. At a single time, and even on a single rock, larvae of various 
sizes, from very small ones to those almost fully grown, may be found, 
and this probably explains the long flight-period of the adult. That the 
species is double-brooded remains to be proved. 
The food of the larva consists of microscopic plant organisms in the 
water, the curious maxillae, with their dense brushes of long hairs, 
undoubtedly being an adaptation for this type of food. 
Larva.— Total length, 9.5-10.5 mm. 
Length of caudal lobes alone, 1.1-1.2 mm. 
Diameter of body, 1-1.1 mm. 
Coloration of living larva, light greenish brown above, clearer greenish ventra'ly; contents 
of alimentary canal showing clearly thru the thin skin; on segments 7 and 8, two paired, bright 
