820 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
\ 
A species of crane-fly doubtfully referred to Dicranomyia pilipennis 
Egg. (Schubart, 1854) has been found in ditch water in Holland. 
Dicranomyia umbrata de Meij., a Javan species, lives in the slimy green 
algae floating in stagnant, as well as flowing, water. The pupae live in 
cocoons in the algal sheath, with the cephalic end projecting. The larvae 
are from 10 to 12 millimeters in length, cylindrical, about 0.6 millimeter 
in diameter, and of a yellowish color. The head is almost entirely 
retractile. The body is almost smooth, having only an inconspicuous 
transverse welt on the second abdominal segment near the posterior 
margin. The caudal end is somewhat enlarged and is truncated behind. 
De Meijere (1916:197-198) supplies a good description of the structure 
of the larval head capsule. 
Dicranomyia foliocuniculator Swez., of the Hawaiian Islands, is the 
only recorded leaf-mining crane-fly. It was found by Swezey mining 
in the leaves of a species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) in the island of 
Oahu. Pupation of the species takes place within the mines (Swezey, 
1913 and 1915). 
In North America a number of species are known. Dicranomyia 
simulans has been ably discussed by Needham (1908 a:214-217) and later 
by Malloch (1915-17b [1917]). This species is, for the most part, a 
member of the hygropetric fauna, dwelling in usually lotic water where 
it is associated with a characteristic rapid-stream fauna. Other con- 
ditions under which the species is found are discussed later. D. badia 
and D. stulta live in and under saturated moss cushions. D. macateer 
Alex. has been bred from larvae in decaying wood (Dr. W. G. Dietz). 
D. rara O. S. has been bred from larvae in a rotten willow, the larvae 
being taken on Plummers Island, Maryland, by H. 8S. Barber on Octo- 
ber 12, 1913, and emerging as adults on November 14. 
Dicranomyia simulans (Walk.) 
1848 Limnobia simulans Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 45. 
The best account of the life history of the common and widespread 
Dicranomyia simulans is that by Needham (1908a:214-216), quoted 
below: 
It is abundant on the piers along the west shore of Lake Michigan. . . This pier 
[at Lake Forest, -Illinois] was built on heavy driven piling, covered outside with heavy plank. 
About three feet of surface was exposed above the water at its normal stage. The planks 
were old, and sheltered a scanty growth of short, stemmed mosses in the cracks, and bore 
