THE CRANE-FLIES oF NEw York — Part II 843 
Subtribe Epiphragmaria 
So far as is known to the writer, the division Epiphragmaria includes 
only the genus Epiphragma. ‘The immature stages are of a very primitive 
organization. The larvae have the head capsule broad and massive, 
with the posterior incisions very shallow. The labrum is broad, with 
lateral tufts of hair. The mentum is heavily chitinized, entire, with 
only a single lateral tooth on either side of the median tooth. The 
hypopharynx is not chitinized but the entire surface is provided with 
rows of tiny spinous points, somewhat as in the Dicranoptycharia. The 
antennae have the terminal papillae hemispherical. The mandibles are 
not greatly elongated; each has an apical tooth and two rows of lateral 
teeth. The maxillae are very simple in structure. The abdomen is 
provided with six ventral creeping-welts. The spiracular disk is large 
and simple, with the lobes short and obtuse. 
The pupa has the breathing horns heavily chitinized, tapering to acute, 
slender points. The spiracles on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal 
segment are large and conspicuous. 
The relationships of this group are obviously with the Rhamphidaria of 
the Limnobiini and the Ularia of the Hexatomini, the three groups probably 
being closer together phylogenetically than their arrangement in tribes 
would indicate. From a study of the adults alone, there seems to be 
little connection between the genera Rhamphidia, Epiphragma, and Ula, 
which were placed in three widely separated tribes by Osten Sacken. A 
study of the immature stages, the structure of the larval head, the abdom- 
inal .creeping-welts, and the dorsal spiracles of the eighth abdominal 
segment of the pupa, indicate a relationship that cannot be denied. 
Genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken (Gr. upon + partition) 
1859 Epiphragma O.S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 238. 
Larva.— Body nearly smooth; basal annuli of abdominal segments 2 to 7 with a naked 
transverse creeping-welt on ventral surface. Spiracular disk large, with four or five lobes, 
the dorso-median lobe often reduced. Spiracles large, circular. Anal gills four, retractile. 
Head capsule massive. Labrum bread, with lateral tufts of hairs and with two setae on 
anterior margin. Mandible with a blunt apical tooth and two rows of two lateral teeth. 
Maxilla small, simple; palpus large; inner lobe with a dense tuft of stiff hairs. Antenna 
two-segmented; basal segment elongate, apical papilla hemispherical. Hypopharynx not 
chitinized. Mentum entire, with only three teeth —a slender median tooth, and a broad, 
fat tooth on either side. 
