844 CHARLES Paut ALEXANDER 
Pupa.— Cephalic crest erect, rectangular, the outer lateral angles produced into strong, 
chitinized spines. Pronotal breathing horns large at base, the elongate tips nearly chitinized, 
tapering into subacute points. Wing sheaths ending opposite base of third abdominal 
segment. Leg sheaths terminating just before end of fifth abdominal segment. Abdominal 
tergites with a transverse band of spicules at caudal margin; pleurites with a transverse 
oval area of similar spines; terminal sternites with a similar transverse band of spicules, 
most powerfully developed on segment 8; dorsal spiracles on segment 8 conspicuous. 
Epiphragma is a rather small genus (twenty-five species) of usually 
large and handsome crane-flies, finding its center of distribution in the 
tropical regions of the New World. The adult flies of the local species 
are usually common. LEpiphragma fascipennis, the best known of these 
species, is often found swarming in'shady places, the swarms usually 
consisting of from twelve to fifteen individuals. 
The immature stages of all the species thus far known are spent in decay- 
ing wood. In Europe, Beling (1873 b: 589-590) records finding larvae and 
pupae of H. picta (Fabr.) in decaying ash (Fraxinus) and beech (Fagus) 
in the spring. He gives the pupal duration of this species as about two 
weeks. Needham (1903:281-285) gives an excellent account of LH. 
fascipennis, which he found in partly decayed stems of willow and button- 
bush. The same species has been found living in the stems of black 
ash and elm. HH. solatrix has been found in various deciduous trees in 
a dead or deeaying condition. Bruch (in ltt.) records an Argentinian 
Epiphragma from decaying wood. 
Epiphragma solatrix (O. 8.) 
1859 Limnophila (Epiphragma) solatrit O.S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 238. 
Epiphragma solatrix is a beautiful crane-fly, a little more Austral in- 
its distribution than the more widely distributed EH. fascipennis. H. S. 
Barber found larvae and young pupae very numerous in a drift log of 
sycamore (Platanus) at Plummers Island, Maryland, on May 19, 1913, 
and it is the study of this material that is included in this paper. Shannon 
found larvae in rotten wood at Rosslyn, Virginia, on November 23 and 
25, 1912, and a pupa on January 3, 1913. Later he reared both £. 
solatrix and EH. fascipennis from larvae taken from the same log on the 
same day. The species was again found in a decaying maple log on the 
Potomac River opposite Plummers Island, Maryland, where it was associ- 
