962 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
Bengtsson (1897) erected for this genus the group Erucaeformia, which 
he considered as the primitive form from which the Nematocera and the 
Brachycera have been derived. This group, of course, has no standing 
whatsoever. 
Phalacrocera replicata (Linn.) 
1761 Tipula replicata Linn. Fauna Suecica, 2d ed., p. 500-502. 
1863 Phalacrocera replicata Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 224. 
The larvae and the pupae of Phalacrocera replicata have been discussed 
in such detail by Miall and Shelford, by Bengtsson, by Holmgren, and 
by Wesenberg-Lund, that they are considered here only in general terms. 
The habits of the immature stages have been discussed by many writers 
since the time of De Geer. They are oftentimes rather numerous among 
aquatic plants such as Ranunculus fluitans Lam., Fontinalis antipyretica 
Linn., Hypnum elodes Schp., H. exannulatum Guenbel, and other species, 
feeding on these mosses and probably on other plants. These moss frag- 
ments give a green tinge to young larvae when seen thru the nearly trans- 
parent body wall. Older larvae are more opaque and are brownish green 
in color, indistinctly striped with pale and darker. The larva is extremely 
sluggish, remaining almost motionless for hours. It clings to moss stems 
by its large anal hooks, and, thus secured, it often sways its body from 
side to side as if to accelerate respiration. The larvae can go for long 
periods of time without fresh air. Miall and Shelford kept specimens 
alive for two weeks in bottles completely filled with water, and for a 
long time in water that had been boiled. The larvae can live for a long 
time out of water. Progression thru the mats of submerged vegetation 
is accomplished by grasping with the mandibles and the anal hooks, 
alternately. When alarmed the larvae curl into a rounded ball, after 
the manner of many caterpillars. The skin, and more especially the long 
body processes, are often covered with ectoparasitic organisms, such 
as algae and infusoria, on which small fresh-water mollusks, Plan- 
orbis, have been observed feeding and creeping about over the body of 
the larva. This coating of organisms, the body outgrowths, and the general 
coloration of the larva, give it a striking resemblance to the mosses among 
which it lives. De Geer (1776:355) shows that the larva can endure 
excessive cold. He placed four larvae in a vessel at the beginning of 
winter, and examined them in the following May. During the winter 
