THe CrANE-Furrs or New York — Parr II 963 
he water in which the larvae lived had frozen into a solid mass, yet, 
n investigating the jar in the spring, De Geer found two of the larvae 
till alive and able to feed, and within a month both had pupated. 
The larval habitat is in ponds in which a moss vegetation flourishes 
and in which currents keep the water in constant motion. A female 
fly was observed by Miall and Shelford (1897:360) depositing her eggs 
in the leaf axils of a submerged moss. The eggs, about sixty in number, 
re laid singly and adhere slightly to the moss; they are opaque, dark 
n color, and spindle-shaped, with the surface of the chorion irregularly 
itted, and with a rosette-like micropyle at one end. Bengtsson, Miiggen- 
erg, and others believe that Phalacrocera has but a single brood in a 
ear, the larval existence occupying about eleven months; Miall and 
Shelford, however, admit the possibility of a second brood. The egg 
r eight days, according to Bengtsson. According to Miall and Shelford, 
he pupal period is considerably longer. 
During the larval development there are numerous moltings, at least 
ight and possibly ten; the old larval skin is cast by a simple dorsal split 
xtending from the first to the fourth segment. Just after emerging 
rom the egg the larva is from 2 to 2.25 millimeters in length and about 
.) millimeter in diameter, excluding the body projections. The first 
arval stage (Bengtsson, 1897) lasts until the second molting. The body 
is provided with ten pairs of long, delicate, threadhke, lateral projections, 
hich are located on the second to the eleventh body segments and are 
half as long as the body. The other projections of the older larvae are 
merely indicated. The attachment apparatus is placed immediately 
before the anus, and consists of from eight to twelve chitinized hooks, 
directed forward and arranged in an arcuated crossrow. The color of 
the body is white, almost transparent. The mouth parts show the mandi- 
bles without a prostheca and moving horizontally. The second larval 
stage lasts from the second until the fourth molting. The body appendages 
have appeared and are clearly developed, resembling in appearance and 
relative length those of the definitive stage. The attachment apparatus 
is post-anal. The body takes on a distinctly striped appearance. The 
mouth parts have the prostheca well developed on the mandibles, which 
are vertically placed and therefore have an up-and-down movement. 
he third larval stage represents the fully grown larva from the fourth 
tage requires from eight to twelve days and the pupal duration is seven- 
