THE CrANE-Fures or New York — Parr II 975 
ee ee 
ails to substantiate the validity of these groups, and, for the present 
t least, or until other and better characters may be found, it is better 
o eliminate the Dolichopezini and the Ctenophorini, founded, as they 
re, on insufficient or sexual characters. 
The species of the Tipulinae include the largest crane-flies known, some 
xotic species of Ctenacroscelis attaining a wing expanse of nearly 10 
entimeters. In North America the largest species are representatives 
f the genera Longurio and Holorusia. The great majority of the species 
n this subfamily are well above the average in size, this feature alone 
eing sufficient to eliminate all but a very few of the other groups of 
ipulidae. The smallest member of the subfamily Tipulinae known to 
he writer is Microtipula amazonica Alex., of Brazil, in which the wing of 
he male measures but 7.2 millimeters in length and is very long and 
arrow. Practically all of the common local species of this group belong 
o the two genera Tipula and Nephrotoma. 
The immature stages of members of the subfamily Tipulidae are found 
Nn a wide range of habitats. Some species of Tipula are almost entirely 
quatic in the larval state. The majority of the known species live in 
oist earth near water, or beneath damp cushions of moss. Some, such 
s Oropeza, live in much drier mosses on exposed rocks. A rather con- 
iderable number of species (Brachypremna, Ctenophora, Dictenidia, and 
everal species of Tipula) live in decaying wood or beneath the bark of 
rostrate trunks. Tanyptera lives in wood which is relatively sound, 
nd this represents the extreme development of this tendency in the 
amily. 
The larvae are never very slender, and are usually very plump and 
erete. In a few cases only is the body decidedly depressed. ‘There is 
definite arrangement of setae on the body, there being none on the 
nterior annulus of the abdominal segments except a single seta on the 
leura of either side. The spiracular disk is surrounded by six lobes, 
number not found in the Limnobiinae. In Dolichopeza the number 
described as being five, the normal number in the Eriopterini, but 
ll other features of the genus are essentially tipuline. In a few species 
e number of lobes is increased to eight. In the genus Tanyptera the 
bes are exceedingly reduced in size so that the caudal end appears almost 
aked and exposed. The spiracles are always present and in some cases 
re very large. The anal gills are almost always present and are variously 
