976 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
developed according to the habitat. The head capsule is remarkabl 
uniform thruout the group, being broad, compact, and massive, with th 
posterior incisions shallow and the prefrontal sclerite very large an 
usually distinct. The labrum is usually conspicuous, transverse, wit 
fringes of hairs. The mentum has from seven to nine teeth along th 
anterior margin, and is deeply split behind but not completely divide 
The hypopharynx consists of a narrow, flattened plate, with the bas 
lateral angles produced into strong arms and the anterior margin havin 
usually five teeth, the teeth being rarely more numerous and in som 
cases obsolete. The antennae are cylindrical, and are stoutest in th 
wood-inhabiting species; in many species of Tipula and Prionocera the 
are long and slender, the length being about four times the diamete 
the apical papilla, in some cases obsolete, is usually very small and 
flattened. The mandibles are not large in proportion to the size 
the capsule; they have few teeth, in some species only a dorsal and 
ventral tooth in addition to the apical point; the prosthecal appenda 
is variously developed. The maxillae are simple and generalized 1 
structure. 
The pupae are fairly uniform in structure thruout the subfamily. T 
tips of the sheaths of the maxillary palpi are strongly curved, or, in t 
majority of species, actually recurved. The pronotal breathing horns a 
variously formed, but in practically all species they are short, cylindric 
and with the tips but little expanded. In some genera (Longuri 
Prionocera, and Tipulodina) the breathing horns are greatly elongate 
and, in some cases at least, are slightly unequal in length, the long 
measuring nearly half the length of the body. In some genera, su 
as Prionocera and Holorusia, the horns are split at their tips into-t 
divergent flaps. The only short, clavate horns in the subfamily a 
those of the genus Tanyptera. The mesonotum is often provided wi 
four or six variously developed tubercles. The abdominal segments a 
almost always armed with transverse posterior rows of spines, the 
ranging in number from about four to twenty. 
The large size of the larvae and the pupae will, as a rule, easily separa 
this subfamily from almost all members of the Limnobiinae. The f 
large members of the latter group are readily separated by the charact 
outlined above. 
