986 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
Subtribe Ctenophoraria 
Genus Ctenophora Meigen (Gr. comb + to bear) 
1800 Flabellifera Meig. Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 13 (nomen nudum). 
1803 Ctenophora Meig. Tlliger’s Mag., vol. 2, p. 263. 
1910 Phoroctenia Cog. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 589. 
Larva.— Body opaque, integument rather thick. Spiracular disk surrounded by six lobes. 
Pupa.— Sheaths of maxillary palpi recurved. Pronotal breathing horns long and slender 
Two spines on mesonotum. Fore and middle tarsi subequal, a little shorter than hind 
tarsi. Ventral abdominal segments with six to eight spines. 
Ctenophora is a small genus including about sixteen nominal species 
found thruout the Holarctic region. The larvae and the pupae occur 
in decaying wood. ‘The early stages have long been known, having been 
described by Réaumur and De Geer. 
In Europe, Ctenophora flaveolata (Fabr.) 1s described and figured by 
Réaumur (1740) and by Weyenbergh (1872). C. pectinicornis (Linn.) 
is described or mentioned by Bouché (1834), by Fischer von Waldheim 
(1838), by Zetterstedt (1851:4014), by Weyenbergh (1872), and by 
Kaltenbach (1874). C. festiva Meig. was reared by Kaltenbach (1874:631) 
from larvae in decayed beech stems. C. nigricoxa Lundst. (Malpighia 
vittata Meig., auct. Frey) was reared by Lundstrém (1906:7) from pupae 
in rotten birch stumps. The immature stages of the various European 
species of Ctenophora are described as living in the wood of various 
trees such as willow (Salix), birch (Betula), cherry (Prunus), and other 
hardwood species. 
In North America, C. apicata is described by Johannsen (1910) from 
elm (Ulmus), and C. angustipennis Loew by Anthon (1908) in alder (Alnus) 
and in poplar (Populus). The latter species is recorded also as injuring 
prune trees (Prunus) in Oregon, by Lovett (1915), who gives an excellent 
account of all stages and the type of injury done. The female lays from 
200 to 400 eggs, which hatch in from nine to seventeen days and the 
larvae tunnel into the surrounding dead wood. Here they feed and grow, 
reaching maturity the following spring. Pupation takes place in the 
burrows, the pupal stage requiring about ten days. Osten Sacken 
(1877:211) supposed that the larvae live in the stumps of redwood 
(Sequoia), but this has never been confirmed. 
Ctenophora apicata O. S. 
1864 Ctenophora apicata O. 8. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 46. 
