988 CHARLES Paut ALEXANDER 
of decaying trees. The larvae are much closer to Ctenophora than to 
Tanyptera, the skin being tough and opaque, with a fine pubescence, and 
the spiracular disk consisting of small but distinct lobes. The pupae like- 
wise are similar to those of Ctenophora, having the pronotal breathing 
horns elongate, five spines on abdominal sternites 3 to 6, and four spines on 
tergites 2 to 7. 
Genus Tanyptera Latreille (Gr. extend + wing) 
1805 Tanyptera Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins., vol. 14, p. 286. 
1832 Xiphura Brullé. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 1, p. 206. 
Larva— Integument very thin, with numerous setae, those on dorsum very small. 
Spiracular disk with lobes practically lacking. Spiracles large, lying exposed on the face of 
last segment. Anal gills bluntly rounded. Mandible small, with one dorsal and one ventral 
tooth. Antenna cylindrical, capped with an apical cone. Mentum with seven to nine 
teeth. 
Pupa.— Cephalic crest lacking. Sheaths of maxillary palpi not recurved at tips. Pronotal 
breathing horns large, broadly flattened, margin deeply crenulated. Mesonotum with two 
blunt tubercles. Abdominal segments with six to ten spines on tergites, three to five spines 
on sternites. 
Tanyptera is a small genus including about twelve nominal species 
whose limits and relationships are still but little understood. The imma- 
ture stages are spent in the decayed or partly decayed wood of various 
deciduous trees. 
In Europe, Tanyptera atrata (Linn.), the genotype, was found by Perris 
(1840) and by De Rossi (1882) in decaying alder (Alnus) stems. N6rd- 
linger (1848) found the same species in linden (Tilia) and in poplar 
(Populus). It has also been taken in oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus), 
birch (Betula), and other hardwood species. Gerbig (1913) discussed the 
variety ruficornis Meig. under the name Ctenophora flavicornis. 
In America, Malloch (1915-17 b:194-195) describes T. fumipennis 
(O. 5.) from a much-decayed chestnut log (Castanea), and later (1919) 
in basswood (Tilia), where the species was associated with larvae of 
Xylota fraudulosa Loew and Chalcomyia aerea (Loew), of the family 
Syrphidae. Tanyptera frontalis, discussed below, was found in red maple 
(Acer). 
Tanyptera frontalis (O. 8.) 
1864 Ctenophora frontalis O. 8S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila, vol. 3, p. 48. 
