998 CHARLES PauL ALEXANDER 
Genus Tipula Linnaeus (Lat. a water-strider) 
1758 Tipula Linn. Syst. Natur., ed. 10, p. 585. 
1842 Pterelachisus Rond. Mag. Zool. Ins., pl. 106. 
1864 Anomaloptera Lioy. Atti dell’ Institut Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 218. 
1887 Oreomyza Pokorny. Wien. Ent. Ztg., vol. 6, p. 50. 
1894 Manapsis Scudder. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 32, p. 222. 
1894 Rhadinobrochus Scudder. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 32, p. 223. 
1894 Tipulidea Scudder. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 32, p. 238-239. 
1916 Nippotipula Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 457-458. 
1916 Platytipula Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 459. 
1916 Yamatotipula Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 461-462. 
1916 Togotipula Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 465. 
Larva.— Form generally stout, terete or nearly so. Integument with pubescence an 
almost invariably with a definite chaetotaxy. Spiracular disk surrounded by six or rarel 
eight lobes, simple, or in certain species (as 7’. abdominalis) more or less split at their tip 
Spiracles small and widely separated (in 7’. abdominalis), or in other species large and rath 
close together. Anal gills almost invariably present, with six or eight branches, the 
branches simple, not pinnate. Head capsule compact and massive. Labrum broadly tran: 
verse. Mandible usually small, with few teeth, ventral cutting edge with usually two 
three teeth. Maxilla rather complicated, of the generalized tipuline structure. Anten 
usually elongated, basal segment two to four times as long as it is thick, stouter in speci 
living in decaying wood. Mentum with seven to nine teeth. Hypopharynx a flatten 
plate, anterior margin usually with five teeth. 
Pupa.— Form generally stout. Cephalic crest lacking or very small, with rudimenta 
setae. Mouth parts as in the subfamily, sheaths of maxillary palpi strongly recurv 
at tips. Pronotal breathing horns subequal in length, short, stout, usually straight, ti 
but little expanded. Mesonctum transversely wrinkled, in some wood-inhabiting speci 
(as 7. trivittata) with about four conspicuous tubercles. Wing sheaths and leg sheat 
moderate in length. Abdominal armature usually strong, each segment with a posteri 
row of four to twenty spines; in some species a basal ventral row of spines on posterior ri 
of segments. Cauda with dorsal armature of four powerful lobes; eighth segment adding 
as a rule, ten spines, of which six are ventral and lateral in position, and two or four are dors 
dorso-median -pair lying between anterior pair of lobes of cauda, as discussed above, a 
lacking or very reduced in some wood-inhabiting species (7. trivittata). Lateral abdomin 
spiracles lacking or merely vestigial. 
Tipula is the largest genus of crane-flies, comprising a vast assembla, 
of species (between six and seven hundred described forms) which a 
found on all the continental areas of the world but are few in the Austra 
asian region and apparently lacking on many of the lesser oceanic island 
The genus is one of extreme interest, and its study will require manff| 
years of conscientious application. Subapterous species are not rare 1 
this group, of which many are far northern forms, others are coastal sp: 
cies, while a few live inland and under influences that make it difficult 
explain their subapterous condition. 
