Tur CrANE-Fiies oF New York — Part II 999 
The immature stages of the various species are diverse in their habits, 
ranging from species that are nearly if not quite aquatic, thru the majority 
of the known forms which live in generally moist earth or mud along the 
margins of water bodies, to still others that live in the semi-decayed 
wood of prostrate tree trunks. Mellor (1919:64) has recorded Tipula 
larvae as breeding in manure. So far as is known, the larvae are herbiv- 
orous, tho they will eat animal food under stress (as described by Patter- 
son [1908] for Tzpula oleracea, which feeds in considerable numbers on 
earthworms). 
In Europe, a great number of life histories in this genus have been 
worked out in commendable detail, mainly thru the efforts of Beling, 
who discusses no fewer than thirty species. His descriptions give a clear 
idea of the range in structure and habitat to be expected in the genus. 
The number of lobes surrounding the spiracular disk varies from four 
(apparently) in 7’. selene and related forms, to as many as eight in T. 
subnodicornis. Practically all of the known species show the normal 
tipuline number of lobes, six. 
A summary of the larval habitats of the Palaearctic species ‘s as follows: 
1. Species living in saturated earth along watercourses or in débris at the water’s edge, 
or species that are aquatic — Tipula fulvipennis de Geer, lateralis Meig., lunata Linn., maxima 
Poda, variicornis Schum., vartipennis Meig., vittata Meig. 
2. Species living in earth, usually in woods, underneath a mold of leaves or coniferous 
needles — Tipula caesia Schum., dilatata Schum., fulvipennis de Geer, hortensis Meig., 
hortulana Meig., nigra Linn., nubeculosa Meig., ochracea Meig., pabulina Meig., paludosa 
Meig., pruinosa Wied., scripta Meig., selene Meig., truncorum Meig., wnca Wied., vartipennis 
Meig., vittata Meig. 
3. Species living in earth in gardens, pastures, or meadows, usually beneath turf — Tipula 
arrorata Macq., lutetpennis Meig., nigra Linn., ochracea Meig., oleracea Linn., paludosa Meig., 
pruinosa Wied., subnodicornis Zett., truncorum Meig., vernalis Meig. 
4. Species living in or beneath cushions of moss or in earth overgrown with a mossy 
covering — Tipula dilatata Schum., hortulana Meig., marmorata Meig., pagana Meig., 
peliostigma Schum., pruinosa Wied., rufina Meig., signata Staeg., truncorum Meig., unca 
Wied. 
5. Species living underneath moss on logs — Tipula irrorata Macq. 
le Species living in decaying wood — Tipula flavolineata Meig., irrorata Macq., truncorum 
eig. 
Bouché describes 7. lunata and T. ochracea as living in decaying willow 
wood, and Sopotzko records T. flavolineata as injuring clover; but these 
records are presumably based on mistaken identifications. 
Comparatively few of the eastern American species have been reared, 
nd it is not considered advisable to attempt a key to the larvae or the 
upae at this stage of knowledge of the subject. Such a key would 
