1000 CHARLES PauLt ALEXANDER 
include but a fraction of the possible species and would be of little value. 
It will require the careful rearing of species for many years before a 
workable key to the immature stages of the eastern species of the genus 
can be produced. The characters that will prove of greatest value in 
the separation of the larvae and the pupae of the species of Tipula are as 
follows: 
Larvae 
1. Anal gills. (These are rarely lacking, and the number and arrangement of the branches, 
their form, and their function, are of primary importance.) 
2. Spiracular disk. Number of lobes surrounding disk and whether they are simple or 
branched; character and nature of fringe of hairs around disk, if such is present; size, shape, 
and distance apart of spiracles; markings on inner face of disk and lobes. 
3. Chaetotazy. Arrangement, length, and number of setae on segments. 
4. Body form. Terete, subdepressed, or flattened ventrally only; clothing of pubescence, 
and pattern formed on dorsum. 
5. Head capsule. (The head is remarkably uniform thruout the group, a condition to 
be expected in a group so compact as Tipula.) Shape of mentum and hypopharynx, and 
number, size, and shape of teeth along their anterior margins; shape of antenna, and other 
details of head. 
' Pupae 
. General form, whether terete or depressed. 
. Mouth parts. 
. Pronotal breathing horns, their relative length, size, and form. 
. Armature of mesonotum. 
. Wing sheaths and leg sheaths. 
. Spines on abdominal segments, their size and number; whether lacking or present at 
base of posterior ring of sternites; arrangement and number of pleural spines. 
7. Cauda, shape of genital sheaths, armature of dorsum, and ventral margin of eighth 
sternite. 
aorwhds-— 
Descriptions are given in the following pages of about ten life histories 
which are entirely new or have been insufficiently considered elsewhere. 
A few notes on certain other species that have been observed in the past 
few years may be added here: 
Tipula cayuga Alex. A conspicuous yellow larva, living in organic earth beneath leaves, 
in association with Bittacomorphella jonesi and other forms which are discussed elsewhere 
(page 781). The pupal duration is slightly over seven days. 
T. angustipennis Loew. Found living in rather dry earth beneath leaves in shaded woods 
(Lawrence, Kansas, Mrs. C. P. Alexander). 
T. umbrosa Loew. Occurs in garden soil in company with the larvae of Tipula bicornis 
Forbes. 
T'. fuliginosa Say. Reared from larvae living in débris under the nest of a turkey vulture 
(Jackson Island, Maryland, May 23, 1913, R. C. Shannon). 
T. sayi Alex. and T. tricoler Fabr. In saturated mud in marshy or swampy situations. 
7’. tephrocephala Loew. A large larva, nearly if not quite aquatic in its habits. 
