Tur CrANE-Fires or New York — Part II 1017 
In Europe, Beling and others have described the life histories of about 
eight of the commoner species. ‘The following species live in earth, 
beneath a covering of leaf mold: analis (Schum.), cornicina (Linn.), lineata 
(Scop.), maculata (Meig.), lunulicornis (Schum.), pratensis (Linn.). The 
following have been described as living in decaying wood, some of the 
records apparently being in error: cornicina (Linn.), crocata (Linn.), 
lineata (Scop.), quadrifaria (Meig.). Some of the species are injurious 
to young seedlings, especially those of coniferous plants. 
In North America the commonest species, N. ferruginea (Fabr.), has 
been discussed several times in its economic relations to agriculture. Hart 
(1898 [1895]:218-219) gives an excellent description of the immature 
stages, while Malloch (1915-17b:206) gives supplementary notes and 
figures of the same species. The immature stages live in sand or earth. 
N. virescens (Loew) was bred from a larva found in moss on Plummers 
Tsland, Maryland, on April 5, 1913, by R.C. Shannon. JN. eucera (Loew) 
and N. polymera (Loew) have been reared from larvae taken under leaf 
mold- in woods by Mabel M. Alexander. 
