﻿16 
  Transactions, 
  — 
  Miscellaneous. 
  

  

  lord's 
  share 
  of 
  the 
  common 
  stock 
  of 
  wealth 
  depends 
  on 
  different 
  conditions 
  

   than 
  that 
  of 
  other 
  capitalists. 
  

  

  It 
  thus 
  appears 
  that 
  in 
  a 
  communistic 
  society 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  such 
  thing 
  as 
  

   capital 
  in 
  the 
  sense 
  of 
  a 
  fund 
  for 
  carrying 
  on 
  fresh 
  production, 
  or 
  of 
  a 
  fund 
  

   set 
  aside 
  for 
  productive 
  re-investment. 
  The 
  material 
  requisites 
  of 
  produc- 
  

   tion 
  are 
  labourers 
  and 
  implements 
  only. 
  The 
  necessaries 
  of 
  life 
  are 
  

   required, 
  as 
  are 
  also 
  health, 
  strength 
  and 
  intelligence, 
  to 
  enable 
  labourers 
  

   to 
  work 
  — 
  but 
  they 
  are 
  connoted 
  by 
  the 
  word 
  labourer, 
  and 
  need 
  not 
  be 
  

   taken 
  into 
  consideration. 
  There 
  is 
  one 
  immaterial 
  requisite 
  which 
  must, 
  

   however, 
  be 
  considered, 
  namely, 
  the 
  effective 
  wish 
  that 
  wealth 
  be 
  produced, 
  

   that 
  is, 
  a 
  wish 
  strong 
  enough 
  to 
  overcome 
  man's 
  natural 
  repugnance 
  to 
  

   work. 
  

  

  In 
  a 
  rude 
  stage 
  of 
  society 
  this 
  wish 
  is 
  so 
  weak 
  that 
  man 
  will 
  onlj^ 
  labour 
  

   under 
  the 
  immediate 
  spur 
  of 
  hunger; 
  his 
  repugnance 
  to 
  making 
  other 
  people 
  

   work 
  is 
  not 
  so 
  strong, 
  and 
  he 
  makes 
  his 
  wife 
  and 
  slaves 
  work 
  even 
  where 
  

   the 
  return 
  from 
  their 
  labour 
  is 
  somewhat 
  distant 
  ; 
  the 
  rude 
  beginnings 
  of 
  

   agriculture 
  are 
  always 
  the 
  result 
  of 
  woman's 
  labour. 
  It 
  is 
  doubtful 
  whether 
  

   there 
  is, 
  even 
  now, 
  a 
  society 
  so 
  advanced 
  in 
  civilization 
  that 
  the 
  production 
  

   of 
  wealth 
  could 
  be 
  safely 
  left 
  to 
  the 
  average 
  forethought 
  of 
  its 
  members 
  

   without 
  the 
  help 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  pressure 
  of 
  immediate 
  want. 
  As 
  society 
  

   is 
  at 
  present 
  organized, 
  the 
  great 
  majority 
  of 
  the 
  j3eople, 
  the 
  labouring 
  

   classes, 
  are 
  ke^Dt 
  to 
  theu' 
  work 
  by 
  a 
  pressure 
  almost 
  as 
  strong 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  

   rudest 
  societies 
  ; 
  if 
  they 
  do 
  not 
  work 
  to-day 
  they 
  will 
  get 
  no 
  dinner 
  

   to-morrow. 
  In 
  a 
  commune, 
  the 
  punishment 
  of 
  idleness 
  would 
  be 
  quite 
  

   as 
  certain 
  but 
  more 
  distant. 
  As 
  long 
  as 
  the 
  past 
  year's 
  harvest 
  lasted 
  they 
  

   would 
  be 
  equally 
  well 
  fed 
  whether 
  they 
  worked 
  or 
  not 
  ; 
  the 
  results 
  of 
  their 
  

   idleness 
  or 
  industry 
  would 
  not 
  show 
  themselves 
  until 
  after 
  the 
  following 
  

   harvest, 
  when 
  it 
  would 
  be 
  too 
  late 
  to 
  make 
  good 
  any 
  past 
  errors. 
  The 
  wish 
  

   that 
  wealth 
  be 
  produced 
  need 
  not 
  be 
  so 
  strong 
  as 
  in 
  a 
  commune 
  ; 
  for 
  wealth 
  

   win 
  be 
  produced 
  if 
  the 
  capitalists 
  wish 
  it, 
  and 
  they 
  need 
  not 
  themselves 
  

   labour 
  to 
  carry 
  their 
  wish 
  into 
  effect 
  ; 
  it 
  is 
  sufficient 
  that 
  they 
  induce 
  other 
  

   people 
  to 
  labour. 
  

  

  The 
  requisites 
  of 
  production 
  are 
  the 
  same 
  under 
  present 
  social 
  arrange- 
  

   ments 
  as 
  they 
  would 
  be 
  in 
  a 
  commune 
  ; 
  they 
  are 
  labourers, 
  implements, 
  and 
  

   the 
  wish 
  to 
  produce. 
  If 
  capital 
  is, 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  stated 
  to 
  be, 
  a 
  requisite 
  of 
  pro- 
  

   duction, 
  it 
  must 
  be 
  one 
  or 
  more 
  of 
  these, 
  and 
  is 
  a 
  worse 
  than 
  useless 
  word, 
  

   for 
  it 
  is 
  never, 
  in 
  ordinary 
  conversation, 
  used 
  with 
  a 
  meaning 
  allied 
  to 
  that 
  

   which 
  would 
  have 
  to 
  be 
  given 
  to 
  it 
  by 
  definition. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  impossible, 
  by 
  reading 
  Mill's 
  definitions 
  as 
  given 
  in 
  Book 
  I., 
  

   chap, 
  iv., 
  to 
  get 
  any 
  clear 
  understanding 
  of 
  what 
  he 
  reaUy 
  means 
  by 
  

  

  