﻿Caeeuthers. 
  — 
  On 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  Terms 
  used 
  in 
  Political 
  Economy. 
  19 
  

  

  duces 
  is 
  shared 
  by 
  a 
  larger 
  number. 
  As 
  nothing 
  can 
  be 
  done 
  without 
  

   implements, 
  the 
  stock 
  of 
  these 
  must 
  be 
  kept 
  up, 
  and 
  whenever 
  increasing 
  

   population 
  or 
  increasing 
  knowledge 
  makes 
  it 
  possible 
  to 
  do 
  so 
  with 
  

   advantage, 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  increased. 
  Care 
  must, 
  however, 
  be 
  taken 
  that 
  the 
  

   future 
  advantage 
  shall 
  not 
  be 
  purchased 
  at 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  an 
  undue 
  present 
  

   sacrifice. 
  

  

  The 
  fourth 
  theorem 
  is, 
  that 
  " 
  "What 
  supports 
  and 
  employs 
  productive 
  

   labour 
  is 
  the 
  ca^Dital 
  expended 
  in 
  setting 
  it 
  to 
  work, 
  and 
  not 
  the 
  demand 
  of 
  

   purchasers 
  for 
  the 
  produce 
  of 
  the 
  labour 
  when 
  completed. 
  Demand 
  for 
  

   commodities 
  is 
  not 
  demand 
  for 
  labour. 
  * 
  * 
  * 
  * 
  The 
  maintenance 
  or 
  

   payment 
  of 
  labour 
  depends 
  on 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  capital 
  or 
  other 
  funds 
  directly 
  

   devoted 
  to 
  the 
  sustenance 
  and 
  remuneration 
  of 
  labour." 
  The 
  main 
  deduc- 
  

   tion 
  from 
  this 
  theorem 
  is, 
  that 
  a 
  caiDitaUst, 
  by 
  buying 
  velvet 
  or 
  other 
  

   commodity 
  for 
  his 
  own 
  use, 
  does 
  not 
  improve 
  the 
  circumstances 
  of 
  the 
  

   working 
  classes, 
  but 
  that 
  by 
  employing 
  gardeners, 
  grooms, 
  and 
  other 
  

   retainers, 
  or 
  by 
  giving 
  alms, 
  he 
  does 
  so. 
  The 
  error 
  contained 
  in 
  this 
  

   deduction 
  unfortunately 
  pervades 
  Mill's 
  work, 
  and 
  makes 
  that 
  part 
  of 
  it 
  

   which 
  treats 
  of 
  the 
  production 
  of 
  wealth 
  far 
  less 
  valuable 
  than 
  that 
  which 
  

   treats 
  of 
  its 
  distribution. 
  

  

  If 
  two 
  capitalists, 
  A 
  and 
  B, 
  are 
  entitled 
  to 
  equal 
  shares 
  of 
  the 
  wealth 
  

   of 
  the 
  community, 
  and 
  both 
  invest 
  their 
  shares 
  from 
  year 
  to 
  year, 
  the 
  

   working 
  classes 
  will 
  receive 
  the 
  whole 
  product 
  of 
  their 
  own 
  labour 
  ; 
  A 
  and 
  

   B 
  will 
  receive 
  none 
  of 
  it. 
  If 
  they 
  retain 
  for 
  their 
  own 
  use 
  a 
  certain 
  pro- 
  

   portion 
  which 
  we 
  may 
  call 
  interest, 
  and 
  invest 
  the 
  balance, 
  the 
  labourers 
  

   will 
  receive, 
  not 
  the 
  whole, 
  but 
  a 
  part 
  only, 
  the 
  part 
  received 
  from 
  A 
  being 
  

   equal 
  to 
  that 
  received 
  from 
  B. 
  Let 
  us 
  now 
  assume 
  that 
  both 
  resolve 
  to 
  

   consume 
  the 
  whole 
  themselves 
  ; 
  A 
  deciding 
  to 
  take 
  his 
  share 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  

   of 
  attendance 
  on 
  himself, 
  while 
  B 
  decides 
  to 
  procure 
  velvet 
  ; 
  the 
  wealth 
  

   which 
  had 
  been 
  produced 
  by 
  the 
  labourers 
  they 
  had 
  previously 
  employed 
  

   must 
  in 
  both 
  cases 
  be 
  again 
  given 
  to 
  the 
  working 
  classes 
  ; 
  in 
  A's 
  case 
  it 
  

   goes 
  to 
  grooms 
  and 
  footmen 
  ; 
  in 
  B's 
  case 
  it 
  goes 
  to 
  velvet 
  weavers. 
  When 
  

   the 
  wealth 
  is 
  all 
  consumed, 
  the 
  labourers 
  get 
  no 
  more 
  from 
  either 
  A 
  or 
  B 
  ; 
  

   A 
  has 
  received 
  the 
  share 
  of 
  wealth 
  he 
  was 
  entitled 
  to 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  

   services 
  of 
  his 
  attendants, 
  and 
  having 
  done 
  nothing 
  to 
  entitle 
  him 
  to 
  any 
  

   share 
  of 
  future 
  wealth 
  his 
  right 
  lapses. 
  B 
  gets 
  a 
  certain 
  quantity 
  of 
  velvet 
  

   which 
  he 
  uses 
  for 
  his 
  own 
  pleasure, 
  the 
  labouring 
  classes 
  get 
  no 
  benefit 
  from 
  

   it, 
  and, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  A, 
  his 
  right 
  to 
  a 
  share 
  of 
  future 
  wealth 
  also 
  lapses- 
  

   It 
  is 
  obvious 
  that 
  in 
  both 
  cases 
  the 
  labourers 
  receive 
  precisely 
  the 
  same 
  

   advantage 
  ; 
  A 
  has 
  done 
  no 
  more 
  good 
  than 
  B. 
  

  

  If 
  A 
  had 
  not 
  come 
  to 
  the 
  selfish 
  resolve 
  to 
  apply 
  his 
  wealth 
  to 
  his 
  own 
  

  

  