﻿Thomson. 
  — 
  On- 
  the 
  Cleansing 
  of 
  Towns. 
  43 
  

  

  141" 
  square 
  miles, 
  forming 
  the 
  western 
  suburb 
  of 
  London, 
  which 
  is 
  so 
  low 
  

   that 
  its 
  sewage 
  has 
  to 
  be 
  lifted 
  at 
  Chelsea 
  a 
  height 
  of 
  17^ 
  feet 
  into 
  the 
  

   upper 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  low 
  level 
  sewer. 
  It 
  is 
  tunnelled 
  under 
  the 
  river 
  Lea, 
  on 
  

   its 
  route 
  to 
  Abbey 
  Mills, 
  where 
  its 
  contents 
  are 
  raised 
  36 
  feet 
  by 
  steam 
  

   power. 
  

  

  Again 
  : 
  " 
  The 
  northern 
  outfall 
  sewer 
  is 
  a 
  work 
  of 
  peculiar 
  construction; 
  

   as, 
  unlike 
  ordinary 
  sewers, 
  it 
  is 
  raised 
  above 
  the 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  surrounding 
  

   neighbourhood 
  in 
  an 
  embankment, 
  which 
  has 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  a 
  railway 
  

   embankment, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  carried 
  by 
  aqueducts 
  over 
  rivers, 
  railways, 
  streets 
  

   and 
  roads." 
  

  

  Again 
  : 
  " 
  The 
  Barking 
  reservoir 
  is 
  16f 
  feet 
  in 
  average 
  depth, 
  and 
  is 
  

   divided 
  by 
  partition 
  walls 
  into 
  four 
  compartments, 
  covering 
  altogether 
  an 
  

   effective 
  area 
  of 
  412,384 
  superficial 
  feet, 
  or 
  about 
  9^ 
  acres. 
  The 
  external 
  

   and 
  partition 
  walls 
  are 
  of 
  brickwork, 
  and 
  the 
  centre 
  area 
  is 
  covered 
  by 
  

   brick 
  arches 
  supported 
  upon 
  brick 
  piers, 
  the 
  floor 
  being 
  paved 
  throughout 
  

   with 
  York 
  stone. 
  The 
  reservoir, 
  being 
  almost 
  enthely 
  above 
  the 
  general 
  

   surface 
  of 
  the 
  ground, 
  is 
  covered 
  by 
  an 
  embankment 
  of 
  earth, 
  rising 
  about 
  

   2 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  crown 
  of 
  the 
  arches. 
  The 
  ground 
  over 
  which 
  it 
  is 
  built 
  

   being 
  unfit 
  to 
  sustain 
  the 
  structure, 
  the 
  foundations 
  of 
  the 
  piers, 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  

   walls, 
  were 
  carried 
  down 
  in 
  concrete 
  to 
  a 
  depth 
  of 
  nearly 
  20 
  feet." 
  

  

  Again 
  : 
  " 
  The 
  Abbey 
  Mills 
  Pumping 
  Station 
  will 
  be 
  the 
  largest 
  establish- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  the 
  kind 
  in 
  the 
  main 
  drainage 
  works, 
  providing, 
  as 
  it 
  does, 
  engine- 
  

   power 
  to 
  the 
  extent 
  of 
  1140 
  li.p. 
  for 
  the 
  purpose 
  of 
  lifting 
  a 
  minimum 
  

   quantity 
  of 
  sewage 
  and 
  rainfall 
  of 
  15,000 
  cubic 
  feet 
  per 
  minute 
  a 
  height 
  

   of 
  36 
  feet." 
  

  

  The 
  Engineer 
  adds 
  that 
  "It 
  is 
  fortunate 
  that 
  these 
  works 
  were 
  not 
  

   projected 
  in 
  the 
  year 
  1306 
  when 
  coal 
  was 
  first 
  introduced 
  into 
  London, 
  

   and 
  was 
  regarded 
  as 
  such 
  a 
  nuisance 
  that 
  the 
  resident 
  nobihty 
  obtained 
  a 
  

   royal 
  proclamation 
  to 
  prohibit 
  its 
  use 
  under 
  severe 
  penalties 
  ; 
  for 
  this 
  

   pumping 
  station 
  alone 
  will 
  consume 
  about 
  9700 
  tons 
  of 
  coal 
  per 
  annum. 
  

   The 
  cost 
  of 
  pumping 
  is 
  not, 
  however, 
  actually 
  in 
  excess 
  of 
  the 
  former 
  

   expenditure 
  upon 
  drainage, 
  for 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  removing 
  deposit 
  from 
  the 
  tide- 
  

   locked 
  and 
  stagnated 
  sewers 
  in 
  London, 
  formerly 
  amounted 
  to 
  a 
  sum 
  of 
  

   about 
  £30,000 
  per 
  annum, 
  and 
  the 
  substitution 
  of 
  a 
  constant 
  flow 
  through 
  

   sewers 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  pumping 
  must 
  necessarily 
  reduce 
  the 
  deposit, 
  and 
  

   consequently 
  the 
  annual 
  cost 
  of 
  cleaning." 
  

  

  Again 
  : 
  " 
  On 
  the 
  south 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  Thames 
  the 
  high-level 
  sewer 
  and 
  its 
  

   southern 
  branch 
  correspond 
  with 
  the 
  high 
  and 
  middle-level 
  sewers 
  on 
  the 
  

   north 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  Thames." 
  " 
  Both 
  lines 
  are 
  constructed 
  of 
  sufficient 
  

   capacity 
  to 
  carry 
  off 
  the 
  flood 
  waters, 
  so 
  that 
  they 
  may 
  be 
  entirely 
  inter* 
  

  

  