﻿Thomson. 
  — 
  On 
  the 
  Clmnsing 
  of 
  Towns. 
  4T 
  

  

  to 
  2^ 
  millions 
  of 
  gallons 
  per 
  diem, 
  and 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  water-closets 
  is 
  about 
  

   15,000. 
  Tlie 
  whole 
  sewage 
  is 
  disposed 
  of 
  by 
  irrigation, 
  for 
  which 
  the 
  place 
  

   is 
  eminently 
  adapted 
  by 
  nature. 
  Crops 
  of 
  rye 
  grass 
  are 
  thus 
  obtained 
  in 
  

   value 
  ^40 
  per 
  acre. 
  Financially 
  the 
  farm 
  to 
  which 
  the 
  sewage 
  is 
  applied 
  

   is 
  not 
  a 
  success, 
  the 
  loss 
  per 
  annum 
  varying 
  from 
  ^1,012 
  to 
  d61,700. 
  The 
  

   Deputation 
  say 
  it 
  is, 
  however, 
  probably 
  the 
  most 
  successful 
  sewage 
  farm 
  in 
  

   England. 
  

  

  Of 
  London 
  the 
  Deputation 
  remark 
  that 
  the 
  population 
  is 
  3,500,000; 
  the 
  

   density 
  per 
  acre 
  being 
  45-7, 
  and 
  mortality 
  22-9 
  (per 
  1,000). 
  Here 
  also 
  the 
  

   sewage 
  farms 
  have 
  been 
  unsuccessful, 
  and 
  I 
  need 
  not 
  go 
  over 
  the 
  ground 
  

   ah'eady 
  traversed 
  in 
  the 
  preceding 
  part 
  of 
  this 
  paper. 
  

  

  BiEMiNGHAM 
  lias 
  a 
  population 
  of 
  375,000, 
  occupying 
  an 
  area 
  of 
  8,420 
  

   acres 
  ; 
  density, 
  44-5 
  persons 
  to 
  the 
  acre 
  ; 
  death-rate, 
  25-2 
  per 
  1,000. 
  The 
  

   number 
  of 
  water-closets 
  in 
  1872 
  was 
  7,065, 
  but 
  though 
  the 
  population 
  has 
  

   largely 
  increased 
  since 
  that 
  time, 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  water-closets 
  is 
  now 
  only 
  

   7,514. 
  In 
  fact, 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  these 
  is 
  discouraged 
  by 
  the 
  municipal 
  authorities, 
  

   although 
  not 
  absolutely 
  forbidden. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  houses 
  in 
  1871 
  was 
  

   75,000, 
  and 
  since 
  that 
  time 
  8,420 
  have 
  been 
  erected, 
  bringing 
  up 
  the 
  present 
  

   number 
  to 
  83,420. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  pan-closets 
  in 
  use 
  in 
  1876 
  was 
  17,000, 
  

   all 
  the 
  new 
  houses 
  of 
  the 
  smaller 
  class 
  being 
  fitted 
  with 
  these 
  — 
  one 
  closet 
  

   serving 
  for 
  not 
  more 
  than 
  two 
  houses. 
  Of 
  ordinary 
  privies, 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  

   date, 
  there 
  were 
  27,436, 
  and 
  of 
  ash-pits 
  19,154. 
  The 
  quantity 
  of 
  sewage 
  

   is 
  from 
  12 
  milhon 
  to 
  16 
  million 
  gallons 
  per 
  day, 
  and 
  before 
  being 
  passed 
  

   into 
  the 
  River 
  Tame 
  it 
  is 
  treated 
  with 
  lime 
  to 
  cause 
  precipitation. 
  The 
  sludge 
  

   is 
  also 
  treated 
  by 
  a 
  patented 
  process, 
  the 
  annual 
  expense 
  of 
  which, 
  after 
  

   deducting 
  income 
  from 
  revenue, 
  is 
  £12,000. 
  

  

  The 
  Eochdale 
  system 
  of 
  pails 
  for 
  night-soil, 
  and 
  tubs 
  for 
  ashes 
  is 
  carried 
  

   out 
  at 
  Birmingham 
  ; 
  about 
  17,000 
  pans 
  being 
  now 
  in 
  use. 
  

  

  CovENTEY 
  has 
  a 
  population 
  of 
  40,000 
  ; 
  an 
  average 
  annual 
  mortality 
  of 
  

   23-4 
  per 
  1,000, 
  and 
  10 
  persons 
  to 
  the 
  acre. 
  The 
  water 
  supply 
  is 
  from 
  

   artesian 
  wells. 
  The 
  present 
  number 
  of 
  water-closets 
  is 
  about 
  5,000 
  ; 
  and 
  

   privies, 
  800. 
  The 
  sewage 
  works 
  are 
  about 
  a 
  mile 
  from 
  the 
  town, 
  and 
  the 
  

   effluent 
  goes 
  into 
  a 
  small 
  stream 
  called 
  the 
  Sherbourne. 
  The 
  sewage 
  is 
  

   passed 
  through 
  gravel 
  filters 
  before 
  it 
  is 
  let 
  out 
  in 
  the 
  stream. 
  But 
  the 
  

   system 
  becoming 
  inefficient, 
  works 
  for 
  purification 
  and 
  utilisation 
  were 
  

   erected 
  at 
  a 
  cost 
  of 
  £14,000. 
  But 
  the 
  company 
  to 
  whom 
  the 
  sewage 
  was 
  

   conceded 
  had 
  to 
  succumb. 
  The 
  Corporation 
  now 
  carries 
  on 
  the 
  works 
  at 
  a' 
  

   yearly 
  expenditure 
  of 
  about 
  £2700. 
  

  

  Manchester 
  has 
  a 
  population 
  of 
  356,000 
  ; 
  the 
  average 
  death-rate 
  being 
  

   30 
  per 
  1000. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  persons 
  to 
  the 
  acre 
  is 
  83. 
  The 
  river 
  Irwell 
  

  

  