﻿Ckawfoku. 
  — 
  Growth 
  of 
  Cereals 
  in 
  New 
  Zealand. 
  149 
  

  

  The 
  snags 
  cast 
  up 
  after 
  every 
  flood 
  will 
  no 
  doubt 
  dangerously 
  affect 
  the 
  

   groynes 
  when 
  first 
  constructed, 
  as 
  they 
  would 
  then 
  have 
  a 
  large 
  portion 
  

   above 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  beach, 
  but 
  such 
  risks 
  must 
  be 
  unavoidably 
  

   encountered. 
  Hurriedly 
  constructed 
  works 
  such 
  as 
  have 
  hitherto 
  been 
  in 
  

   vogue 
  are 
  seldom 
  satisfactory, 
  for 
  permanent 
  results 
  can 
  only 
  be 
  obtained 
  

   by 
  a 
  system 
  of 
  management 
  pursued 
  when 
  opportunity 
  favours, 
  the 
  best 
  

   time 
  for 
  constructing 
  the 
  groynes 
  being 
  at 
  the 
  period 
  of 
  extension 
  of 
  beach. 
  

  

  Aet, 
  XIII. 
  — 
  How 
  Keiv 
  Zealand 
  may 
  continue 
  to 
  grow 
  Wheat 
  and 
  other 
  

   Cereals. 
  By 
  James 
  C. 
  Crawford. 
  

   [Read 
  before 
  the 
  Wellington 
  Philosophical 
  Society, 
  3rd 
  August, 
  1878.] 
  

   We 
  have 
  all 
  heard 
  of 
  the 
  exhaustion 
  of 
  soils 
  in 
  new 
  countries 
  from 
  the 
  

   system 
  of 
  taking 
  crop 
  after 
  crop 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  grain 
  off 
  the 
  land 
  year 
  after 
  

   year 
  without 
  manure, 
  so 
  that 
  eventually 
  the 
  richest 
  soils 
  have 
  been 
  

   reduced 
  to 
  a 
  barren 
  state, 
  and 
  have 
  refused 
  any 
  longer 
  to 
  yield 
  returns 
  to 
  

   the 
  husbandman. 
  

  

  Thus 
  the 
  fertile 
  bottoms 
  of 
  Virginia 
  were 
  impoverished 
  — 
  although, 
  I 
  

   believe, 
  it 
  was 
  by 
  tobacco 
  and 
  not 
  by 
  grain 
  — 
  and 
  thus 
  the 
  former 
  wheat= 
  

   growing 
  lands 
  of 
  Campbeltown 
  and 
  Appin, 
  to 
  the 
  southward 
  of 
  Sydney, 
  

   now 
  refuse 
  to 
  grow 
  wheat, 
  and 
  are 
  only 
  used 
  for 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  oaten 
  hay, 
  

   which, 
  the 
  grain 
  not 
  being 
  ripened, 
  takes 
  little 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  soil. 
  

  

  The 
  immense 
  wheat-fields 
  of 
  South 
  Australia, 
  which 
  now 
  give 
  so 
  large 
  

   an 
  export 
  to 
  that 
  colony, 
  must, 
  in 
  course 
  of 
  time, 
  share 
  the 
  same 
  fate, 
  if 
  

   continued 
  on 
  the 
  same 
  system, 
  and 
  even 
  now 
  the 
  yield 
  "pev 
  acre 
  is 
  very 
  

   small. 
  

  

  Wheat-growing 
  has 
  become 
  an 
  important 
  industry 
  in 
  New 
  Zealand, 
  and 
  

   the 
  returns 
  from 
  the 
  provincial 
  districts 
  of 
  Canterbury 
  and 
  Otago 
  have 
  for 
  

   several 
  years 
  past 
  been 
  very 
  large. 
  

  

  New 
  Zealand 
  soils 
  will 
  not 
  long, 
  however, 
  stand 
  the 
  system 
  of 
  cropping 
  

   above 
  described, 
  for 
  a 
  very 
  few 
  years 
  will 
  exhaust 
  the 
  constituents 
  required 
  

   for 
  a 
  grain 
  crop. 
  Let 
  us 
  consider, 
  however, 
  how 
  grain- 
  cropping 
  in 
  this 
  

   colony 
  can 
  be 
  put 
  upon 
  a 
  permanent 
  footing. 
  

  

  We 
  must 
  not 
  be 
  too 
  hard 
  upon 
  the 
  farmers 
  who 
  exhaust 
  their 
  soils, 
  and 
  

   supply 
  no 
  manure 
  to 
  make 
  up 
  the 
  waste, 
  because, 
  from 
  the 
  system 
  of 
  

   farming 
  necessary 
  in 
  a 
  new 
  country, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  easy, 
  perhaps 
  it 
  is 
  impossible, 
  

   to 
  obtain 
  the 
  required 
  supply 
  of 
  manure. 
  In 
  Great 
  Britain 
  and 
  other 
  

   thickly-peopled 
  countries, 
  the 
  farmer 
  lays 
  his 
  plans 
  to 
  provide 
  a 
  supply 
  of 
  

   manure 
  for 
  himself, 
  He 
  has 
  either 
  a 
  dairy, 
  or 
  he 
  staU-feeds 
  oxen, 
  or 
  he 
  

  

  