﻿L CLOVER. 



products. Wiesner 3 states that it lias recently conic into use in the 

 preparation of lithographic inks. The total consumption of the product 

 is not large, and the greater part of the world's supply is at present 

 derived from the Philippine Islands, this product being commonly known 

 as Manila elemi. 



Manila elemi. — The resin is derived from the species Canarium luzo- 

 nicum. This fact has positively been determined from an abun- 

 dance of botanical material obtained by myself and reliable collectors 

 and submitted to Mr. Merrill, the botanist of the Bureau of Science. 

 A. Tschirch and J. Cremer 4 have recently arrived at the definite conclu- 

 sion that Manila elemi is derived from Canarian commune L. Their con- 

 clusion is the result of an examination of samples of Manila elemi and 

 resin obtained by one of the authors in India from the species Canarium 

 commune, and is based upon a comparison of the general properties of 

 the two products as well as of the crystalline substances isolated there- 

 from. So far as their work went they were unable to note any differences 

 between the two products. 



The tree Canarium luzonicum is quite widely distributed in the 

 Philippine Islands and is known by the Tagalogs as pili. There are 

 two closely related species designated as pili. Canarium luzonicum bears 

 a small nut, while the other, which has been identified by Mr. Merrill as 

 Canarium pacliypliyllum, bears a much larger one, produces resin in only 

 very small amounts, and is never used by the natives as a source of the 

 latter. 



Pili resin is commonly known by the Spanish term orea which is applied 

 by the natives indiscriminately to all similar products. The resin is 

 obtained by removing a narrow strip of bark horizontally about the 

 trunk of the tree in four or five different places. A thin, transparent 

 fluid soon appears about the exposed part and in time becomes somewhat 

 viscous and opaque. The amount of resin increases for a month or so, 

 gradually falling several inches below the cut and in time taking on the 

 appearance of a cataract. If the resin is not frequently removed it hard- 

 ens on the outside and generally takes on a yellowish color. I have seen 

 several good-sized trees upon which had accumulated at least 10 pounds 

 of resin, probably within a few months. For commercial purposes the 

 resin is required to be as soft, clean, and colorless as possible, so with 

 this in view it is carefully removed from the tree at definite intervals and 

 not allowed to accumulate. When a tree is continuously used for resin 

 it is customary about once a year to remove the bark for a couple of 

 inches above the last cut. Many trees are to be found which have 

 evidently been long employed in this manner and which give evidence 

 of this gradual removal of the bark for several feet up and down the 



Die Rohstoff'e des Pflanzenreiehes. Leipzig (1903), 1, 242. 

 1 Arch d. phar. (1902), 240, 313. 



